Long acting insulin composition

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an insulin compound in a concentration that is sufficient to maintain a therapeutically effective level of the insulin compound in blood plasma for at least 3 days characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile in vivo with substantially no burst of the insulin compound. The present invention further relates to the use of an insulin compound for preparing said pharmaceutical composition as well as a kit of parts comprising said pharmaceutical composition.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an insulin compound, use of the composition, a method of treatment, a kit of parts, as well as combination treatment with a GLP-1 compound, such as a GLP-1 agonist. The pharmaceutical composition can be administered less frequent than current long acting insulins and is characterized by the release of structurally intact insulin over the full time period between administrations with substantially no burst of the insulin compound. This treatment can help patients reduce the frequency of injections, while being able to maintain optimal control of the plasma levels of insulin and consequently blood glucose.

BACKGROUND

Insulin therapy is characterized by a high need for keeping the insulin drug release within very strict levels as the therapeutic window is narrow, and the adverse effects of hyperinsulinemia can potentially be life threatening. Numerous insulin preparations have been commercialized, with different action profiles to suit specific needs of the diabetic population. Fast acting insulin analogs are administered just before meals, in order to control the peak in plasma glucose following food ingestion, whereas long acting insulin analogs are typically given once or twice a day to provide a steady basal insulin level.

Recent developments have also included oral insulin and inhaled insulin. However, because insulin is a protein, when taken orally it is easily digested by the stomach and gastrointestinal system. Alternatively, inhalable insulin delivered through an inhaler into the lungs was commercially available for a limited period (Exubera®, Pfizer discontinued in 2007). This formulation provided insulin for a period of hours, still requiring patients to continue injecting a long-acting basal insulin. Further disadvantages of the inhalable insulin included manufacturing difficulties resulting in a cost-prohibitive delivery system. As a result, all commercially available insulin formulations must be administered either by subcutaneous or intravenous injection.

The plasma profile of the various available insulins are characterized by having different plasma profiles. Said plasma profiles can be described by having a maximum and a minimum plasma concentration which is dependent on the formulation and type of insulin used. It is of high importance to obtain a plasma profile which is as reproducible from patient to patient and within patients in order to be able to predict the plasma glucose lowering effect of the administered insulin. Additionally, in the case of multiple administrations of basal insulin, it is desirable to have as little difference between the maximum plasma concentration and the minimum plasma concentration as possible. This will lead to a more constant plasma concentration of insulin, and therefore a more uniform glucose lowering effect over the entire dosing interval.

Current standard basal insulin therapy consists of daily or twice daily administrations of long acting basal insulins such as NPH insulin, insulin glargine or insulin detemir. Though development of newer insulin analogs has aimed to reduced the variability of insulinotropic effects, the glucose lowering effect of these long acting formulations are still characterized by large inter- and intra-subject variations as described by Heise et al. (Diabetes, 2004 (53), 1614-1620). In this study insulin detemir displayed the least pharmacokinetic variation, with a coefficient of variation of 15 as compared to CV of NPH insulin and insulin glargine of 26 and 34, respectively. This rather large variability is a major obstacle to obtaining optimal glucose control, as it is difficult to predict the exposure to the insulin molecules.

The same study investigated the pharmacodynamic variation as assessed by glucose infusion rates (GIR). This evaluation also demonstrated that insulin detemir had lower within-subject variability than both NPH insulin and insulin glargine with respect to the pharmacodynamic marker GIR. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the insulin effect on glucose infusion rates did not last throughout the full dosing period of 24 hours, clearly demonstrating the need for a long acting insulin, that offer full glucose lowering action for the full duration between doses. To circumvent the problem of current daily basal insulins not lasting a full 24 hours, some patients split their basal insulin dosage into two daily injections, in order to obtain better glucose control throughout the day.

Therefore, there is a clear need for novel long acting preparations of insulin, that continuously release insulin throughout the entire period between administrations.

In addition, even if patients can manage their blood glucose with daily injections of basal insulin, initiation of insulin therapy meets reluctance due to the daily injection regime. This is undesirable, as the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) recognize insulin as first line treatment after oral metformin as offering the best treatment outcome. (D M Nathan et al., Diabetologica (2008) 51:8-11).

If the injection frequency of insulin treatment could be reduced, it is likely that the psychological barrier to initiation of insulin therapy would be reduced, hence allowing patients to start insulin therapy at an earlier stage, greatly improving their health status.

A challenge in developing long-acting basal insulin formulations lies in the narrow therapeutic range for insulin, and large peak-to-trough variations in insulin pharmacokinetics as well as burst effects should be avoided under all circumstances.

Several approaches to reducing the frequency of administration, while still retaining the insulin release within narrow limits have been proposed, but have failed to extend the duration of glucose lowering effects beyond a couple of days, while still being characterized by having a small ratio between the maximum plasma concentration and the minimum plasma concentration.

WO 06003014 describes a hydrogel capable of releasing insulin with the possibility of reduced dosing frequency as compared to standard daily basal insulin injections. However, the insulin is released at a rate too fast for ensuring strict insulinotropic control for periods extending 2 days. In fact the insulin is released with a half life of approximately 30 hours, meaning that the prodrug must be administered at least every 30 hours in order for the peak to trough ratio to be below 2 at steady state.

The concept of preparing a reversible polymer conjugate of insulin has been explored by Shechter et al. and described in scientific articles and patent applications (e.g. (European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 2008(70), 19-28) and WO 2004/089280). The insulin is conjugated to a 40 kDa PEG polymer through a 9-hydroxymethyl-7-(amino-3-maleimidopropionate)-fluorene-N-hydroxysucinimide spacer molecule. Hydrolysis of said spacer molecule releases insulin with a half life of approximately 30 hours, meaning that the prodrug must be administered at least every 30 hours in order for the peak to trough ratio to be below 2 at steady state.

Other attempts of reducing the insulin dosing frequency have been made. Hinds et al (Journal of Controlled Release, 2005 (104), 447-460) describe a method of producing a once weekly insulin, by first permanently PEGylating the insulin molecule and then subsequently microencapsulating the PEGylated insulin in PLGA microparticles. PLGA encapsulation of proteins has been shown to cause side reactions of the polymer esters with peptide or protein amino groups. Lactic acid acylation products have been observed after exposure of the formulations to buffered solutions at neutral pH. (Nat. Biotechnol. 18 (2000) 52-57; Pharm. Res. 11 (1994) 865-868; Pharm. Res. 19 (2002) 175-181).

Specifically for insulin, detrimental effects of polymer formulations have been demonstrated (Pharm. Dev. Technol. 4 (1999) 633-642; Pharm. Dev. Technol. 5 (2000) 1-9).

In the abovementioned case, the insulin has undergone substantial structural modification through permanent modification by a high molecular weight polymer entity as PEGylation of insulin apparently serves to protect the peptide from deterioration in the PLGA polymer formulation.

Unfortunately, such high molecular weight modified insulins may exhibit reduced efficacy by diminished receptor binding and may also exhibit injection site reactions such as lipodystrophy due to the extended presence of high concentrations of the high molecular weight insulin in the subcutaneous tissue. Furthermore, such PEGylated insulins will exhibit a lower distribution volume, which is of particular disadvantage in the treatment of diabetes.

In addition, the pharmacokinetic profile of the released insulin conjugate is characterized by an initial burst-like release immediately following administration, which is followed by a drop in insulin conjugate plasma concentration, followed by an increase in insulin conjugate plasma concentration over the following days. This pharmacokinetic profile is typical of microencapsulated drug formulations and can lead to an unpredictable glucose response in subjects treated with such formulation.

Therefore the challenge remains to develop long-acting insulin without compromising the insulin pharmacodynamics effects by permanent attachment of a high molecular weight entity.

The situation is further complicated by the fact that insulin is known to readily undergo side reactions that are related to the presence of three disulfide bridges in the molecule. For instance, insulin may be split into A and B chains by disulfide bond cleavage or dimers or oligomers may be formed due to disulfide interchange reactions. Such disulfide reshuffling is particularly likely, if insulin molecules are forced into close contact in a random way (“Stability of insulin: studies on the physical and chemical stability of insulin in pharmaceutical formulation”, Jens Brange, Springer, 1994). This intrinsic lability of the insulin molecule has significantly hampered progress in long-acting depot development and prevented the use of other polymer formulations where insulin is encapsulated in a way similar to an amorphous precipitate which is well known to give rise to various degradation products arising from extensive disulfide exchange.

The rate of side reactions is further influenced by the concentration of insulin, with the rate being higher when insulin is present in high concentration. It is therefore challenging to formulate high concentration long acting insulin formulations, in which insulin does not undergo undesirable side reactions.

Therefore, there is a clear need for novel long acting preparations of insulin that continuously release structurally intact insulin throughout the entire period between administrations, which at the same time retains a small ratio between the highest and lowest insulin plasma concentration in order to avoid too high or too low insulin concentrations, that can be potentially harmful for a patient.

The insulin requirement for diabetics is highly individual, with the dose depending on several physiological factors, including pancreatic beta cell function, insulin sensitivity, body weight and dietary intake. It is not uncommon for patients to require 40 IU of insulin or more per day. This is equivalent 280 IU/week which corresponds to 12.6 mg human insulin per week. In order to minimize the discomfort for the patient, this should be formulated in a small volume, for example one milliliter. It is therefore an object of the current invention, to provide an insulin formulation, in which the concentration of insulin is at least 10 mg/mL, while still releasing structurally intact insulin and displaying a substantially burstless pharmacokinetic profile. Furthermore, as a consequence, it is an object of the current invention that a single dose of the long acting insulin can be administered as a single injection of the formulation, containing at least 10 mg insulin compound.

US2007/0207210 A1 describes a method of preparing amorphous microparticles of high molecular weight proteins, and in particular antibodies. Insulin is mentioned in an example as being formulated in up to 400 mg/ml according to the disclosure. However, the object of the invention is to provide a formulation with similar pharmacokinetic profile to native protein, hence not to provide a sustained release. US2007/0207210 A1 therefore does not offer a solution to reducing the dosing frequency of insulin.

DEFINITIONS

Some relevant definitions for understanding the present invention are explained herein below.

As used herein the term “substantially no burst” or “substantially burstless” (both terms are used interchangeably in the present description) is intended to mean that upon administration of an insulin compound, which may be a prodrug or an active insulin compound, the ratio of the peak concentration of a detectable insulin compound in blood plasma during the first 48 hours after administration, such as subcutaneous or intramuscular, to the lowest concentration of a detectable insulin compound in blood plasma after the peak concentration during the first 48 hours after administration is less than 2 (substantially no burst detectable), preferred less than 1.5 (no burst detectable).

As used herein the term “burst” is intended to mean that upon administration of an insulin compound, which may be a prodrug or an active insulin compound, the ratio of the peak concentration of a detectable insulin compound in blood plasma during the first 48 hours after administration, such as subcutaneous or intramuscular, to the lowest concentration of a detectable insulin compound in blood plasma after the peak concentration during the first 48 hours after administration is 2 or higher.

In respect of detecting an insulin compound in blood plasma, such insulin compound may be the structural intact form of the administered insulin compound or in case the insulin compound is a prodrug, the detectable insulin compound will be the intact insulin compound released from the prodrug, such as human insulin, insulin analogs, insulin derivatives, and fragments thereof.

As used herein the term “a GLP-1 compound” is intended to mean any GLP-1 compound, such as GLP-1(7-37), GLP-1(7-36)NH2, a GLP-1 analog, incl. a GLP-1 agonist. Examples of GLP-1 agonists as used herein are GLP-1, exendin-3 or exendin-4 agonists including but not limited to:

(i) exendin-4 analogues and amidated exendin-4 analogues, in which sequences one or more amino acid residues have been replaced by different amino acid residues including N-terminal modifications, (ii) truncated exendin-4 and truncated forms that are amidated, (iii) truncated exendin-4 and truncated forms that are amidated, in which sequences one or more amino acid residues have been replaced by different amino acid residues, (iv) GLP-1 and amidated GLP-1, (v) GLP-1-analogues and amidated GlP-1 analogues, in which sequences one or more amino acid residues have been replaced by different amino acid residues including N-terminal modifications, (vi) truncated GLP-1 and truncated forms that are amidated, (vii) truncated GLP-1 and truncated forms that are amidated, in which sequences one or more amino acid residues have been replaced by different amino acid residues, (viii) the already known substances AVE-0010(ZP-10) (Sanofi-Aventis Zealand Pharma), BAY-73-7977 (Bayer), TH-0318, BIM-51077 (Ipsen, Tejin, Roche), N,N-2211 (Novo Nordisk), LY315902.

GLP-1 agonists mimics the activities of native GLP-1 by binding the receptor(s) at which GLP-1 exerts its actions which are beneficial as insulinotropic and in the treatment of diabetes mellitus or by mimicking the effects of exendin on urine flow, slowing gastric emptying, inducing satiety, increasing urinary sodium excretion and/or decreasing urinary potassium concentration, by binding to the receptor(s) where exendin cause these effects.

As used herein the term “peak to trough ratio” is intended to mean the ratio between the highest plasma concentration and the lowest plasma concentration of an insulin compound, such as human insulin, within a given period between administrations.

As used herein the term “structurally intact insulin compound” is intended to mean intact insulin consisting of two peptides called A- and B-chain which are connected by two disulfide-bridges. In addition, the A-chain contains an intramolecular disulfide-bridge. Loss of the intra- or intermolecular disulfide bridges or rearrangements of the two chains, like A-A or B-B homodimers cause insulin inactivation. Structural integrity is measured by digesting the insulin with a suitable endoprotease, like, for example endo-gluC, and analyzing the resulting fragments by mass spectrometry. Absence of signals resulting from single insulin chains indicate intact insulin. As used herein, the term “prodrug” is intended to mean an insulin compound that undergoes biotransformation before exhibiting its pharmacological effects. Prodrugs can thus be viewed as biologically active moieties containing specialized non-toxic protective groups used in a transient manner to alter or to eliminate undesirable properties in the parent molecule. For instance, the prodrug may be a biohydrolyzable amide and biohydrolyzable ester and also encompasses a) compounds in which the biohydrolyzable functionality in such a prodrug is encompassed in the compound, and b) compounds which may be oxidized or reduced biologically at a given functional group. Typical prodrugs may be a carrier-linked prodrug that contains a temporary linkage of a given active substance with a transient carrier group that produces improved physicochemical or pharmacokinetic properties and that can be easily removed in vivo, usually by a hydrolytic cleavage; a cascade prodrug for which the cleavage of the carrier group becomes effective only after unmasking an activating group.

To enhance physicochemical or pharmacokinetic properties of a drug, such as insulin, in vivo, such drug can be conjugated with a carrier. If the drug is transiently bound to a carrier and/or a linker, such systems are commonly assigned as carrier-linked prodrugs. According to the definitions provided by IUPAC (as given under http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac.medchem, accessed on Jul. 22, 2009), a carrier-linked prodrug is a prodrug that contains a temporary linkage of a given active substance with a transient carrier group that produces improved physicochemical or pharmacokinetic properties and that can be easily removed in vivo, usually by a hydrolytic cleavage.

The linkers employed in such carrier-linked prodrugs are transient, meaning that they are non-enzymatically hydrolytically degradable (cleavable) under physiological conditions (aqueous buffer at pH 7.4, 37° C.) with half-lives ranging from, for example, one hour to three months.

Suitable carriers are polymers and can either be directly conjugated to the linker or via a non-cleavable spacer. “Insulin-hydrogel prodrug” refers to a prodrug, in which the insulin is transiently linked to a hydrogel carrier. The terms “hydrogel prodrug” and “hydrogel-linked prodrug” refer to prodrugs of biologically active agents transiently linked to a hydrogel and are used synonymously.

The terms “drug”, “biologically active molecule”, “biologically active moiety”, “biologically active agent”, “active agent”, and the like mean any substance which can affect any physical or biochemical properties of a biological organism, including but not limited to viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, animals, and humans. In particular, as used herein, biologically active molecules include any substance intended for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or other animals, or to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being of humans or animals.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of insulin as used herein means an amount sufficient to cure, alleviate or partially arrest the clinical manifestations of a given disease and its complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as “therapeutically effective amount”. Effective amounts for each purpose will depend on the severity of the disease or injury as well as the weight and general state of the subject. It will be understood that determining an appropriate dosage may be achieved using routine experimentation, by constructing a matrix of values and testing different points in the matrix, which is all within the ordinary skills of a trained physician.

“Stable” and “stability” means that within the indicated storage time the hydrogel conjugates remain conjugated and do not hydrolyze to a substantial extent and exhibit an acceptable impurity profile relating to insulin. To be considered stable, the composition contains less than 5% of the drug in its free form.

As used herein, the term “biohydrolyzable ester” is an ester of a compound which either a) does not interfere with the biological activity of the parent substance but confers on that substance advantageous properties in vivo such as duration of action, onset of action, and the like, or b) is biologically inactive but is readily converted in vivo by the subject to the biologically active principle.

As used herein, the term “biohydrolyzable amide” is an amide of a compound which either a) does not interfere with the biological activity of the parent substance but confers on that substance advantageous properties in vivo such as duration of action, onset of action, and the like, or b) is biologically inactive but is readily converted in vivo by the subject to the biologically active principle.

As used herein the term “a hydrogel” is intended to mean a three-dimensional, hydrophilic or amphiphilic polymeric network capable of taking up large quantities of water. The networks are composed of homopolymers or copolymers, are insoluble due to the presence of covalent chemical or physical (ionic, hydrophobic interactions, entanglements) crosslinks. The crosslinks provide the network structure and physical integrity. Hydrogels exhibit a thermodynamic compatibility with water which allows them to swell in aqueous media. The chains of the network are connected in such a fashion that pores exist and that a substantial fraction of these pores are of dimensions between 1 nm and 1000 nm.

The term “gel” refers to a non-crosslinked, jelly-like polymer solution.

As used herein the term “a depot” is intended to mean a drug delivery system, typically injected as a subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, of an insulin compound, capable of consistently releasing the active compound over an extended period of time.

As used herein the term “a peak concentration” is intended to mean the highest concentration obtained after administration of an insulin compound.

As used herein the term “an insulin compound” is intended to mean any insulin of mammalian origin, such as human insulin, porcine insulin or bovine insulin with disulfide bridges between CysA7 and CysB7 and between CysA20 and CysB19 and an internal disulfide bridge between CysA6 and CysA11, recombinant mammalian insulin, such as recombinant human insulin, insulin analogs, insulin derivatives, and fragments thereof, typical examples are rh insulin, insulin glargine, insulin detemir, insulin glulisine, insulin aspart, insulin lispro, insulin conjugated to low-molecular-weight PEG, wherein low-molecular-weight PEG has a molecular weight smaller than 10 kDa. The insulin compound may be in the form of a prodrug, in which case the compound to be released in plasma is the active insulin which forms after administration of the prodrug.

By “insulin analogue” as used herein is meant a polypeptide which has a molecular structure which formally can be derived from the structure of a naturally occurring insulin, for example that of human insulin, by deleting and/or exchanging at least one amino acid residue occurring in the naturally occurring insulin and/or adding at least one amino acid residue. The added and/or exchanged amino acid residues can either be codable amino acid residues or other naturally occurring residues or purely synthetic amino acid residues.

The insulin analogues may be such wherein position 28 of the B chain may be modified from the natural Pro residue to one of Asp, Lys, or lie. In another aspect Lys at position B29 is modified to Pro. Also, Asn at position A21 may be modified to Ala, Gln, Glu, Gly, His, lie, Leu, Met, Ser, Thr, Trp, Tyr or Val, in particular to Gly, Ala, Ser, or Thr and preferably to Gly. Furthermore, Asn at position B3 may be modified to Lys or Asp. Further examples of insulin analogues are des(B30) human insulin; des(B30) human insulin analogues; insulin analogues wherein PheB1 has been deleted; insulin analogues wherein the A-chain and/or the B-chain have an N-terminal extension and insulin analogues wherein the A-chain and/or the B-chain have a C-terminal extension. Thus one or two Arg may be added to position B1.

With desB30 insulin”, “desB30 human insulin” is meant a natural insulin or an analogue thereof lacking the B30 amino acid residue. Similarly, “desB29desB30 insulin” or desB29desB30 human insulin” means a natural insulin or an analogue thereof lacking the B29 and B30 amino acid residues.

With “B1”, “A1” etc. is meant the amino acid residue at position 1 in the B-chain of insulin (counted from the N-terminal end) and the amino acid residue at position 1 in the A-chain of insulin (counted from the N-terminal end), respectively. The amino acid residue in a specific position may also be denoted as e.g. PheB1 which means that the amino acid residue at position B1 is a phenylalanine residue.

As used herein the term “Non-active linker” means a linker which does not show the pharmacological effects of the drug derived from the biologically active agent.

As used herein the term “Alkyl” means a straight-chain or branched carbon chain. Each hydrogen of an alkyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent.

As used herein the term “C₁₋₄ alkyl” means an alkyl chain having 1-4 carbon atoms, e.g. if present at the end of a molecule: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl tert-butyl, or e.g. —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH(C₂H₅)—, —C(CH₃)₂—, when two moieties of a molecule are linked by the alkyl group. Each hydrogen of a C₁₋₄ alkyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent.

As used herein the term “C₁₋₆ alkyl” means an alkyl chain having 1-6 carbon atoms, e.g. if present at the end of a molecule: C₁₋₄ alkyl, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl; tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, or e.g. —CH₂—, —CH₂—CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH(C₂H₅)—, —C(CH₃)₂—, when two moieties of a molecule are linked by the alkyl group. Each hydrogen of a C₁₋₆ alkyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent.

Accordingly, “C₁₋₁₈ alkyl” means an alkyl chain having 1 to 18 carbon atoms and “C₈₋₁₈ alkyl” means an alkyl chain having 8 to 18 carbon atoms. Accordingly, “C₁₋₅₀ alkyl” means an alkyl chain having 1 to 50 carbon atoms.

As used herein the term “C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl” means a branched or unbranched alkenyl chain having 2 to 50 carbon atoms, e.g. if present at the end of a molecule: —CH═CH₂, —CH═CH—CH₃, —CH₂—CH═CH₂, —CH═CH—CH₂—CH₃, —CH═CH—CH═CH₂, or e.g. —CH═CH—, when two moieties of a molecule are linked by the alkenyl group. Each hydrogen of a C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent as further specified. Accordingly, the term “alkenyl” relates to a carbon chain with at least one carbon carbon double bond. Optionally, one or more triple bonds may occur.

As used herein the term “C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl” means a branched or unbranched alkynyl chain having 2 to 50 carbon atoms, e.g. if present at the end of a molecule: —CH₂—C≡CH, CH₂—CH₂—C≡CH, CH₂—C≡C—CH₃, or e.g. —C≡C— when two moieties of a molecule are linked by the alkynyl group. Each hydrogen of a C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent as further specified. Accordingly, the term “alkynyl” relates to a carbon chain with at lest one carbon carbon triple bond. Optionally, one or more double bonds may occur.

As used herein the term “C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl” or “C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl ring” means a cyclic alkyl chain having 3 to 7 carbon atoms, which may have carbon-carbon double bonds being at least partially saturated, e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl. Each hydrogen of a cycloalkyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent. The term “C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl” or “C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl ring” also includes bridged bicycles like norbonane or norbonene. Accordingly, “C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl” means a cycloalkyl having 3 to 5 carbon atoms.

Accordingly, “C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl” means a cyclic alkyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, e.g. C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl; cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl. The term “C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl” also includes at least partially saturated carbomono- and -bicycles.

As used herein the term “Halogen” means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. It is generally preferred that halogen is fluoro or chloro.

As used herein the term “4 to 7 membered heterocyclyl” or “4 to 7 membered heterocycle” means a ring with 4, 5, 6 or 7 ring atoms that may contain up to the maximum number of double bonds (aromatic or non-aromatic ring which is fully, partially or un-saturated) wherein at least one ring atom up to 4 ring atoms are replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of sulfur (including —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—), oxygen and nitrogen (including ═N(O)—) and wherein the ring is linked to the rest of the molecule via a carbon or nitrogen atom. Examples for a 4 to 7 membered heterocycles are azetidine, oxetane, thietane, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrroline, imidazole, imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, isoxazoline, thiazole, thiazoline, isothiazole, isothiazoline, thiadiazole, thiadiazoline, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, thiadiazolidine, sulfolane, pyran, dihydropyran, tetrahydropyran, imidazolidine, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, tetrazole, triazole, triazolidine, tetrazolidine, diazepane, azepine or homopiperazine.

As used herein the term “9 to 11 membered heterobicyclyl” or “9 to 11 membered heterobicycle” means a heterocyclic system of two rings with 9 to 11 ring atoms, where at least one ring atom is shared by both rings and that may contain up to the maximum number of double bonds (aromatic or non-aromatic ring which is fully, partially or un-saturated) wherein at least one ring atom up to 6 ring atoms are replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of sulfur (including —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—), oxygen and nitrogen (including ═N(O)—) and wherein the ring is linked to the rest of the molecule via a carbon or nitrogen atom. Examples for a 9 to 11 membered heterobicycle are indole, indoline, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, benzisothiazole, benzimidazole, benzimidazoline, quinoline, quinazoline, dihydroquinazoline, quinoline, dihydroquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, decahydroquinoline, isoquinoline, decahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline, dihydroisoquinoline, benzazepine, purine or pteridine. The term 9 to 11 membered heterobicycle also includes spiro structures of two rings like 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane or bridged heterocycles like 8-aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane.

As used herein the term the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency such as the EMEA (Europe) and/or the FDA (US) and/or any other national regulatory agency for use in animals, preferably in humans.

As used herein the term “pharmaceutical composition” or “composition” means one or more active ingredients, and one or more inert ingredients, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (pharmaceutically acceptable carrier).

“Free form” of a drug refers to the drug in its unmodified, pharmacologically active form, such as after being released from a polymer conjugate.

“Dry composition” means that the insulin hydrogel prodrug composition is provided in a dry form in a container. Suitable methods for drying are spray-drying and lyophilization (freeze-drying). Such dry composition of insulin hydrogel prodrug has a residual water content of a maximum of 10%, preferably less than 5% and more preferably less than 2% (determined according to Karl Fischer). The preferred method of drying is lyophilization. “Lyophilized composition” means that the insulin hydrogel polymer prodrug composition was first frozen and subsequently subjected to water reduction by means of reduced pressure. This terminology does not exclude additional drying steps which occur in the manufacturing process prior to filling the composition into the final container.

“Lyophilization” (freeze-drying) is a dehydration process, characterized by freezing a composition and then reducing the surrounding pressure and, optionally, adding heat to allow the frozen water in the composition to sublime directly from the solid phase to gas. Typically, the sublimed water is collected by desublimation.

“Reconstitution” means the addition of a liquid to bring back the original form of a composition.

“Reconstitution solution” refers to the liquid used to reconstitute the dry composition of a insulin hydrogel prodrug prior to administration to a patient in need thereof.

“Container” means any container in which the insulin hydrogel prodrug composition is comprised and can be stored until reconstitution.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of an insulin compound as used herein means an amount sufficient to cure, alleviate or partially arrest the clinical manifestations of a given disease and its complications. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as “therapeutically effective amount”. Effective amounts for each purpose will depend on the severity of the disease or injury as well as the weight and general state of the subject. It will be understood that determining an appropriate dosage may be achieved using routine experimentation, by constructing a matrix of values and testing different points in the matrix, which is all within the ordinary skills of a trained physician or veterinary.

“Buffer” or “buffering agent” refers to chemical compounds that maintain the pH in a desired range. Physiologically tolerated buffers are, for example, sodium phosphate, succinate, histidine, bicarbonate, citrate and acetate, sulphate, nitrate, chloride, pyruvate. Antacids such as Mg(OH)₂ or ZnCO₃ may be also used. Buffering capacity may be adjusted to match the conditions most sensitive to pH stability.

“Excipients” refers to compounds administered together with the therapeutic agent, for example, buffering agents, isotonicity modifiers, preservatives, stabilizers, anti-adsorption agents, oxidation protection agents, or other auxiliary agents. However, in some cases, one excipient may have dual or triple functions.

A “lyoprotectant” is a molecule which, when combined with a protein of interest, significantly prevents or reduces chemical and/or physical instability of the protein upon drying in general and especially during lyophilization and subsequent storage. Exemplary lyoprotectants include sugars, such as sucrose or trehalose; amino acids such as monosodium glutamate or histidine; methylamines such as betaine; lyotropic salts such as magnesium sulfate; polyols such as trihydric or higher sugar alcohols, e.g. glycerin, erythritol, glycerol, arabitol, xylitol, sorbitol, and mannitol; ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; polyethylene glycol; pluronics; hydroxyalkyl starches, e.g. hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and combinations thereof.

“Surfactant” refers to wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid.

“Isotonicity modifiers” refer to compounds which minimize pain that can result from cell damage due to osmotic pressure differences at the injection depot.

The term “stabilizers” refers to compounds used to stabilize the polymeric prodrug. Stabilisation is achieved by strengthening of the protein-stabilising forces, by destabilisation of the denatured state, or by direct binding of excipients to the protein.

“Anti-adsorption agents” refers to mainly ionic or non-ionic surfactants or other proteins or soluble polymers used to coat or adsorb competitively to the inner surface of the composition's container. Chosen concentration and type of excipient depends on the effect to be avoided but typically a monolayer of surfactant is formed at the interface just above the CMC value.

“Oxidation protection agents” refers to antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, ectoine, methionine, glutathione, monothioglycerol, morin, polyethylenimine (PEI), propyl gallate, vitamin E, chelating agents such as citric acid, EDTA, hexaphosphate, thioglycolic acid.

“Antimicrobial” refers to a chemical substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, yeasts, protozoans and/or destroys viruses.

“Sealing a container” means that the container is closed in such way that it is airtight, allowing no gas exchange between the outside and the inside and keeping the content sterile.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” is meant to encompass any excipient and/or additive, which does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient and that, is not toxic to the host to which it is administered.

The term “reagent” refers to an intermediate or starting material used in the assembly process leading to a prodrug of the present invention.

The term “chemical functional group” refers to carboxylic acid and activated derivatives, amino, maleimide, thiol and derivatives, sulfonic acid and derivatives, carbonate and derivatives, carbamate and derivatives, hydroxyl, aldehyde, ketone, hydrazine, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, phosphoric acid and derivatives, phosphonic acid and derivatives, haloacetyl, alkyl halides, acryloyl and other alpha-beta unsaturated michael acceptors, arylating agents like aryl fluorides, hydroxylamine, disulfides like pyridyl disulfide, vinyl sulfone, vinyl ketone, diazoalkanes, diazoacetyl compounds, oxirane, and aziridine.

If a chemical functional group is coupled to another chemical functional group, the resulting chemical structure is referred to as “linkage”. For example, the reaction of an amine group with a carboxyl group results in an amide linkage.

“Reactive functional groups” are chemical functional groups of the backbone moiety, which are connected to the hyperbranched moiety.

“Functional group” is the collective term used for “reactive functional group”, “degradable interconnected functional group”, or “conjugate functional group”.

A “degradable interconnected functional group” is a linkage comprising a biodegradable bond which on one side is connected to a spacer moiety connected to a backbone moiety and on the other side is connected to the crosslinking moiety. The terms “degradable interconnected functional group”, “biodegradable interconnected functional group”, “interconnected biodegradable functional group” and “interconnected functional group” are used synonymously.

The terms “blocking group” or “capping group” are used synonymously and refer to moieties which are irreversibly connected to reactive functional groups to render them incapable of reacting with for example chemical functional groups.

The terms “protecting group” or “protective group” refers to a moiety which is reversibly connected to reactive functional groups to render them incapable of reacting with for example other chemical functional groups.

The term “interconnectable functional group” refers to chemical functional groups, which participate in a radical polymerization reaction and are part of the crosslinker reagent or the backbone reagent.

The term “polymerizable functional group” refers to chemical functional groups, which participate in a ligation-type polymerization reaction and are part of the crosslinker reagent and the backbone reagent.

For interconnected functional groups, the term “hydrolytically degradable” refers within the context of the present invention to linkages which are non-enzymatically hydrolytically degradable under physiological conditions (aqueous buffer at pH 7.4, 37° C.) with half-lives ranging from one hour to three months, include, but are not limited to, aconityls, acetals, carboxylic anhydrides, esters, imines, hydrazones, maleamic acid amides, ortho esters, phosphamides, phosphoesters, phosphosilyl esters, silyl esters, sulfonic esters, aromatic carbamates, combinations thereof, and the like. Preferred biodegradable linkages are carboxylic esters, carbonates, phosphoesters and sulfonic acid esters and most preferred are carboxylic esters or carbonates. It is understood that for in vitro studies accelerated conditions like, for example, pH 9, 37° C., aqueous buffer, may be used for practical purposes.

A backbone moiety may comprise a spacer moiety which at one end is connected to the backbone moiety and on the other side to the crosslinking moiety.

The term “derivatives” refers to chemical functional groups suitably substituted with protecting and/or activation groups or to activated forms of a corresponding chemical functional group which are known to the person skilled in the art. For example, activated forms of carboxyl groups include but are not limited to active esters, such as succinimidyl ester, benzotriazyl ester, nitrophenyl ester, pentafluorophenyl ester, azabenzotriazyl ester, acyl halogenides, mixed or symmetrical anhydrides, acyl imidazole.

The term “non-enzymatically cleavable linker” refers to linkers that are hydrolytically degradable under physiological conditions without enzymatic activity.

“Non-biologically active linker” means a linker which does not show the pharmacological effects of the drug (D-H) derived from the biologically active moiety.

The terms “spacer”, “spacer group”, “spacer molecule”, and “spacer moiety” are used interchangeably and if used to describe a moiety present in the hydrogel carrier of the invention, refer to any moiety suitable for connecting two moieties, such as C₁₋₅₀ alkyl, C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl or C₂₋₅₀ alkinyl, which fragment is optionally interrupted by one or more groups selected from —NH—, —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)-, —O—, —S—, —C(O)—, —C(O)NH—, —C(O)N(C₁₋₄—O—C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, 4 to 7 membered heterocyclyl, phenyl or naphthyl.

The terms “terminal”, “terminus” or “distal end” refer to the position of a functional group or linkage within a molecule or moiety, whereby such functional group may be a chemical functional group and the linkage may be a degradable or permanent linkage, characterized by being located adjacent to or within a linkage between two moieties or at the end of an oligomeric or polymeric chain.

The phrases “in bound form” or “moiety” refer to sub-structures which are part of a larger molecule. The phrase “in bound form” is used to simplify reference to moieties by naming or listing reagents, starting materials or hypothetical starting materials well known in the art, and whereby “in bound form” means that for example one or more hydrogen radicals (—H), or one or more activating or protecting groups present in the reagents or starting materials are not present in the moiety.

It is understood that all reagents and moieties comprising polymeric moieties refer to macromolecular entities known to exhibit variabilities with respect to molecular weight, chain lengths or degree of polymerization, or the number of functional groups. Structures shown for backbone reagents, backbone moieties, crosslinker reagents, and crosslinker moieties are thus only representative examples.

A reagent or moiety may be linear or branched. If the reagent or moiety has two terminal groups, it is referred to as a linear reagent or moiety. If the reagent or moiety has more than two terminal groups, it is considered to be a branched or multi-functional reagent or moiety.

The term “poly(ethylene glycol) based polymeric chain” or “PEG based chain” refers to an oligo- or polymeric molecular chain.

Preferably, such poly(ethylene glycol) based polymeric chain is connected to a branching core, it is a linear poly(ethylene glycol) chain, of which one terminus is connected to the branching core and the other to a hyperbranched dendritic moiety. It is understood that a PEG-based chain may be terminated or interrupted by alkyl or aryl groups optionally substituted with heteroatoms and chemical functional groups.

If the term “poly(ethylene glycol) based polymeric chain” is used in reference to a crosslinker reagent, it refers to a crosslinker moiety or chain comprising at least 20 weight % ethylene glycol moieties.

As used herein the term “a”, “an”, and “the” and similar referents are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.

DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates to long acting insulin preparation for basal insulin coverage. Basal insulins are long acting formulations of insulin or analogs of insulin designed to mimic the basal insulin output of the pancreatic beta cells. Optimally the blood glucose is hereby effectively controlled in a sustained manner during the entire dosing interval.

The present inventors have discovered that an insulin compound can be released from an injectable depot, such as subcutaneous, continuously in structurally intact form between administrations without seeing any burst effect. Structural integrity of the released insulin compound is provided by a well-hydrated polymer matrix minimizing intermolecular contact of insulin molecules. Furthermore, by avoiding a burst of insulin the risk of harmful side-effects in a patient is reduced.

The present invention reduces the risk of hypoglycemia following administration due to lack of burst-like insulin release, reduces the risk of hyperglycemia at the end of the dosing period, reduces the injection frequency, and provides predictable insulin levels in blood plasma in a patient.

It is a further object of the current invention to provide a novel basal insulin that requires less frequent injection than current daily basal insulin regimens and provides a high level of safety by releasing structurally intact insulin over the full time interval between injections and typically, with a peak to trough ratio less than 2.

Further advantages will be apparent when reading the present description.

In a first aspect the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an insulin compound in a concentration that is sufficient to maintain a therapeutically effective level of the insulin compound in blood plasma for at least 3 days, typically at least 80 hours, e.g. a week or more characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile in vivo with substantially no burst of the insulin compound.

Such a concentration will vary from subject to subject and depend on the therapeutic window in an individual subject, but in order for a therapeutic effect to be present during at least 3 days, e.g. a week (i.e. about 7 days) the concentration is typically at least about 10 mg/ml, e.g. more than 10 mg/ml.

Accordingly, in a further aspect the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an insulin compound of a concentration of at least 10 mg/ml characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile in vivo with substantially no burst of the insulin compound.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an insulin compound in a concentration of at least 11 mg/mL to be administered in a single dose of at least 10 mg of the insulin compound.

As used herein a single insulin compound dose is given in mg and concentration of an insulin compound in a pharmaceutical composition is given in mg/mL. If the insulin compound is a prodrug, the concentration is based on quantitative release of free insulin from prodrug. By methods well-known in the art, aliquots of a composition are subjected to insulin-releasing conditions (aqueous buffer pH 7.4, 37° C., or accelerated conditions at elevated pH), until no significant increase in insulin concentration is observed and the total amount of released insulin is determined. It is understood that in the case of soluble carriers, quantitative release is synonymous to quantitative hydrolysis.

In one embodiment of the present invention the concentration of the insulin compound is at least 11 mg/ml, such as from 11 mg/ml to 35 mg/ml, more preferred 15 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml, even more preferred around 20 mg/ml, and even more preferred around 24 mg/ml.

The volume to be administered in order to administer an effective dose, for example by a syringe, to a subject, such as a human, is preferably less than 1.5 ml, typically 1.0 ml or less.

In a further embodiment single dose of the insulin compound is at least 5 mg, such as from 5 mg to 100 mg, more preferred 5 mg to 50 mg, and more preferred 5 mg to 25 mg

In a further embodiment the ratio of the peak concentration of the insulin compound in blood plasma during the first 48 hours after administration, such as subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, to the lowest concentration of the insulin compound in blood plasma after the peak concentration during the first 48 hours after administration is less than 2, typically less than 1.5.

The above embodiments as well as the embodiments to be described hereunder should be seen as referring to any one of the aspects described herein as well as any one of the embodiments described herein unless it is specified that an embodiment relates to a certain aspect or aspects of the present invention.

The pharmaceutical composition is typically a controlled delivery system comprising an insulin compound and characterized by delivering the insulin compound to the mammalian blood plasma in such a way that essentially no burst is experienced.

In a still further embodiment the pharmacokinetic profile is measured in mammalian blood plasma, such as human blood plasma. Plasma insulin concentrations can be measured with commercially available ELISA kits by relating the results to a calibration curve obtained from an insulin standard. For statistical significance the experiment is run with a suitable number of biological and technical replicates and the mean and median values are calculated to adjust for biological and technical variability.

In a further embodiment the composition is characterized by exhibiting a peak to trough ratio of less than 2, typically less than 1.75, preferably less than 1.5, or even less than 1.25.

In a still further embodiment the composition is characterized by a continuous release of a structurally intact insulin compound over the full time period between administrations.

“Continuous release” refers to an uninterrupted release of insulin.

In a further embodiment the full time period between administrations is at least about 80 hours, such as about 110 hours, typically at least a week, such as 1-2 weeks or even longer.

In a still further embodiment the insulin compound is a prodrug.

In a further embodiment the insulin compound is a carrier-linked prodrug.

In a still further embodiment the insulin compound is a cascade prodrug.

The prodrug may be administered as a liquid, such as a solution or gel, or may be contained in a depot, or even be integrated in a depot, so that the depot is functioning as a prodrug.

In a further embodiment the insulin compound is fully contained in a depot.

The term “fully contained” refers to a depot, in which less than 10% of the drug, i.e. insulin, is present in the water-fraction after adding 1 ml of water to 1 ml of depot, mixing, and separating the depot from the water.

In a still further embodiment the depot is a polymer gel, such as a hydrogel.

In a further embodiment the depot is a well hydrated polymer matrix.

The insulin compound may be contained in the depot in several ways, for instance the insulin compound can be bound in a non-covalent manner or the insulin compound is covalently linked to the depot, which depot without limitation is selected from a polymer gel, a hydrogel, or a well hydrated polymer matrix. Non-limiting examples for suitable polymers are polymers that are capable of forming quasi-infinite three dimensional well-hydrated molecular networks. Such hydrogels are chemically or physically crosslinked functionalized or non-functionalized polyalkyloxy-based polymers like poly(propylene glycol) or poly(ethylene glycol), dextran, chitosan, hyaluronic acid and derivatives, alginate, xylan, mannan, carrageenan, agarose, cellulose, starch, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and other carbohydrate-based polymers, poly(vinyl alcohols), poly(oxazolines), poly(anhydrides), poly(ortho esters), poly(carbonates), poly(urethanes), poly(acrylic acids), poly(acrylamides) such as poly(hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) (RMPA), poly(acrylates), poly(methacrylates) like poly(hydroxyethylmethacrylate), poly(organophosphazenes), poly(siloxanes), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), poly(cyanoacrylates), poly(esters) such as poly(lactic acid) or poly(glycolic acids), poly(iminocarbonates), poly(amino acids) such as poly(glutamic acid) or poly lysine, collagen, gelatin, copolymers, grafted copolymers, cross-linked polymers, hydrogels, and block copolymers from the above listed polymers. These polymers may serve as backbone moieties or cross-linking moieties and combination of different polymers as copolymers are possible, provided a high level of hydration of the molecular network. In addition to oligomeric or polymeric cross-linking moieties of the polymer types listed above, low-molecular cross-linking moieties may be used, especially when hydrophilic high-molecular weight backbone moieties are used for the formation of hydrogel prodrug carriers.

One way to minimize inter-insulin contact on the molecular level is by spacing insulin molecules homogenously in the well-hydrated polymer matrix. Homogeneous spacing may be achieved by covalent linkage of insulin to the polymer and by using linkers that cleave in aqueous environment at neutral pH, a slow release of structurally intact insulin is ensured.

Preferred is a polymer-linked insulin prodrug that has essentially no bioactivity, said property causing all insulinotropic activity to be attributable to released insulin. Thus, by engineering of the release properties of the prodrug, a high degree of control over the plasma levels of insulin can be achieved.

Insulin can be linked through all relevant functionalities provided by the molecule, and such preferred functionalities provided by the biogenic amino acids are typically selected from guanidino, imidazole, indole, carboxy, carboxamide, primary and secondary hydroxyl, phenol, and primary amino. For instance, human insulin has the following relevant functionalities: carboxy, carboxyamide, primary and secondary hydroxy, phenol, imidazole, and primary amino.

In a further embodiment the insulin compound is linked to the prodrug carrier either by covalent attachment to either of the lysine moieties either/or the N-terminus of either/or the A-chain or the B-chain of the insulin compound.

In a particular embodiment the prodrug or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprises an insulin linker conjugate D-L, wherein

D represents the insulin moiety; and -L is a non-biologically active linker moiety -L¹ represented by formula (I),

wherein the dashed line indicates the attachment to one of the amino groups of the insulin by forming an amide bond;

X is C(R³R^(3a)); or N(R³);

R^(1a), R^(3a) are independently selected from the group consisting H, NH(R^(2b)), N(R^(2b))C(O)R⁴ and C₁₋₄ alkyl; R¹, R² R^(2a), R³, R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₄ alkyl, wherein L¹ is substituted with one L²-Z and optionally further substituted, provided that the hydrogen marked with the asterisk in formula (I) is not replaced by a substituent and wherein L² is a single chemical bond or a spacer; and Z is a hydrogel.

In case the compounds according to formula (I) contain one or more acidic or basic groups, the invention also comprises their corresponding pharmaceutically or toxicologically acceptable salts, in particular their pharmaceutically utilizable salts. Thus, the compounds of the formula (I) which contain acidic groups can be used according to the invention, for example, as alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts or as ammonium salts. More precise examples of such salts include sodium salts, potassium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts or salts with ammonia or organic amines such as, for example, ethylamine, ethanolamine, triethanolamine or amino acids. Compounds of the formula (I) which contain one or more basic groups, i.e. groups which can be protonated, can be present and can be used according to the invention in the form of their addition salts with inorganic or organic acids. Examples for suitable acids include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acids, oxalic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, pivalic acid, diethylacetic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, pimelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, sulfaminic acid, phenylpropionic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, isonicotinic acid, citric acid, adipic acid, and other acids known to the person skilled in the art. If the compounds of the formula (I) simultaneously contain acidic and basic groups in the molecule, the invention also includes, in addition to the salt forms mentioned, inner salts or betaines (zwitterions). The respective salts according to the formula (I) can be obtained by customary methods which are known to the person skilled in the art like, for example by contacting these with an organic or inorganic acid or base in a solvent or dispersant, or by anion exchange or cation exchange with other salts. The present invention also includes all salts of the compounds of the formula (I) which, owing to low physiological compatibility, are not directly suitable for use in pharmaceuticals but which can be used, for example, as intermediates for chemical reactions or for the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Preferably, in formula (I) R² is replaced by L²-Z.

Preferably, in formula (I) R¹ is replaced by L²-Z.

Preferably, in formula (I) X is N(R³).

Preferably, in formula (I) X is C(R³R^(3a)) and R^(3a) is N(R^(2b))C(O)R⁴.

Preferably, X is C(R³R^(3a)), R^(3a) is N(R^(2b))-L²-Z.

Preferred prodrugs of the present invention comprise an insulin linker conjugate D-L, wherein L¹ of formula (I) is represented by formulae (Ia), (Ib), (Ic) or (Id):

wherein R¹, R^(1a), R², R^(2a), R^(2b), R³, R⁴, L², Z have the meaning as indicated herein and wherein L¹ is optionally further substituted, provided that the hydrogen marked with the asterisk in formula (Ia) to (Id) is not replaced by a substituent.

Preferably, L¹ is not further substituted (apart from the mandatory substituent L²-Z).

As shown in, e.g., formulae (Ia) to (Id) one hydrogen is replaced by the group L²-Z.

In general, L² can be attached to L¹ at any position apart from the replacement of the hydrogen marked with an asterisk in formula (I). Preferably, one of the hydrogens given by R¹, R^(1a), R², R^(2a), R^(2b), R³, R^(3a), R⁴ directly or as hydrogen of the C₁₋₄ alkyl or further groups is replaced by L²-Z.

Furthermore, L¹ may be optionally further substituted. In general, any substituent may be used as far as the cleavage principle is not affected. However it is preferred that L¹ is not further substituted.

Preferably, one or more further optional substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen; CN; COOR⁹; OR⁹; C(O)R⁹; C(O)N(R⁹R^(9a)); S(O)₂N(R⁹R^(9a)); S(O)N(R⁹R^(9a)); S(O)₂R⁹; S(O)R⁹; N(R⁹)S(O)₂N(R^(9a)R^(9b)); SR⁹; N(R⁹R^(9a)); NO₂; OC(O)R⁹; N(R⁹)C(O)R^(9a); N(R⁹)S(O)₂R^(9a); N(R⁹)S(O)R^(9a); N(R⁹)C(O)OR^(9a); N(R⁹)C(O)N(R^(9a)R^(9b)); OC(O)N(R⁹R^(9a)); T; C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; or C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl, wherein T; C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; and C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more R¹⁹, which are the same or different and wherein C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; and C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl are optionally interrupted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of T, —C(O)O—; —O—; —C(O)—; —C(O)N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)₂N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)₂—; —S(O)—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)₂N(R^(11a))—; —S—; —N(R¹¹)—; —OC(O)R¹¹; —N(R¹¹)C(O)—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)₂—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)—; —N(R¹¹)C(O)O—; —N(R¹¹)C(O)N(R^(11a))—; and —OC(O)N(R¹¹R^(11a));

R⁹, R^(9a), R^(9b) are independently selected from the group consisting of H; T; and C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; or C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl, wherein T; C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; and C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more R¹⁰, which are the same or different and wherein C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; and C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl are optionally interrupted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of T, —C(O)O—; —O—; —C(O)—; —C(O)N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)₂N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)₂—; —S(O)—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)₂N(R^(11a))—; —S—; —N(R¹¹)—; —OC(O)R¹¹; —N(R¹¹)C(O)—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)₂—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)—; —N(R¹¹)C(O)O—; —N(R¹¹)C(O)N(R^(11a))—; and —OC(O)N(R¹¹R^(11a)); T is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; naphthyl; indenyl; indanyl; tetralinyl; C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl; 4 to 7 membered heterocyclyl; or 9 to 11 membered heterobicyclyl, wherein T is optionally substituted with one or more R¹⁰, which are the same or different; R¹⁰ is halogen; CN; oxo (═O); COOR¹²; OR¹²; C(O)R¹²; C(O)N(R¹²R^(12a)); S(O)₂N(R¹²R^(12a)); S(O)N(R¹²R^(12a)); S(O)₂R¹²; S(O)R¹²; N(R¹²)S(O)₂N(R^(12a)R^(12b)); SR¹²; N(R¹²R^(12a)); NO₂; OC(O)R¹²; N(R¹²)C(O)R^(12a); N(R¹²)S(O)₂R^(12a); N(R¹²)S(O)R^(12a); N(R¹²)C(O)OR^(12a); N(R¹²)C(O)N(R^(12a)R^(12b)); OC(O)N(R¹²R^(12a)); or C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, which are the same or different; R¹¹, R^(11a), R¹², R^(12a), R^(12b) are independently selected from the group consisting of H; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, which are the same or different.

The term “interrupted” means that between two carbons a group is inserted or at the end of the carbon chain between the carbon and hydrogen.

L² is a single chemical bond or a spacer. In case L² is a spacer, it is preferably defined as the one or more optional substituents defined above, provided that L² is substituted with Z.

Accordingly, when L² is other than a single chemical bond, L²-Z is COOR⁹; OR⁹; C(O)R⁹; C(O)N(R⁹R^(9a)); S(O)₂N(R⁹R^(9a)); S(O)N(R⁹R^(9a)); S(O)₂R⁹; S(O)R⁹; N(R⁹)S(O)₂N(R^(9a)R^(9b)); SR⁹; N(R⁹R^(9a)); OC(O)R⁹; N(R⁹)C(O)R^(9a); N(R⁹)S(O)₂R^(9a); N(R⁹)S(O)R^(9a); N(R⁹)C(O)OR^(9a); N(R⁹)C(O)N(R^(9a)R^(9b)); OC(O)N(R⁹R^(9a)); T; C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; or C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl, wherein T; C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; and C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more R¹⁰, which are the same or different and wherein C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; and C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl are optionally interrupted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of -T-, —C(O)O—; —O—; —C(O)—; —C(O)N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)₂N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)₂—; —S(O)—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)₂N(R^(11a))—; —S—; —N(R¹¹); —OC(O)R¹¹; —N(R¹¹)C(O)—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)₂—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)—; —N(R¹¹)C(O)O—; —N(R¹¹)C(O)N(R^(11a)); and —OC(O)N(R¹¹R^(11a));

R⁹, R^(9a), R^(9b) are independently selected from the group consisting of H; Z; T; and C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; or C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl, wherein T; C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; and C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more R¹⁰, which are the same or different and wherein C₁₋₅₀ alkyl; C₂₋₅₀ alkenyl; and C₂₋₅₀ alkynyl are optionally interrupted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of T, —C(O)O—; —O—; —C(O)—; —C(O)N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)₂N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)N(R¹¹)—; —S(O)₂—; —S(O)—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)₂N(R^(11a))—; —S—; —N(R¹¹)—; —OC(O)R¹¹; —N(R¹¹)C(O)—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)₂—; —N(R¹¹)S(O)—; —N(R¹¹)C(O)O—; —N(R¹¹)C(O)N(R^(11a))—; and —OC(O)N(R¹¹R^(11a)); T is selected from the group consisting of phenyl; naphthyl; indenyl; indanyl; tetralinyl; C₃₋₁₀ cycloalkyl; 4 to 7 membered heterocyclyl; or 9 to 11 membered heterobicyclyl, wherein t is optionally substituted with one or more R¹⁰, which are the same or different; R¹⁰ is Z; halogen; CN; oxo (═O); COOR¹²; OR¹²; C(O)R¹²; C(O)N(R¹²R^(12a)); S(O)₂N(R¹²R^(12a)); S(O)N(R¹²R^(12a)); S(O)₂R¹²; S(O)R¹²; N(R¹²)S(O)₂N(R^(12a)R^(12b)); SR¹²; N(R¹²R^(12a)); NO₂; OC(O)R¹²; N(R¹²)C(O)R^(12a); N(R¹²)S(O)₂R^(12a); N(R¹²)S(O)R^(12a); N(R¹²)C(O)OR^(12a); N(R¹²)C(O)N(R^(12a)R^(12b)); OC(O)N(R¹²R^(12a)); or C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, which are the same or different; R¹¹, R^(11a), R¹², R^(12a), R^(12b) are independently selected from the group consisting of H; Z; or C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen, which are the same or different; provided that one of R⁹, R^(9a), R^(9b), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R^(11a), R¹², R^(12a), R^(12b) is Z.

More preferably, L² is a C₁₋₂₀ alkyl chain, which is optionally interrupted by one or more groups independently selected from —O—; and C(O)N(R^(3aa)); optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from OH; and C(O)N(R^(3aa)R^(3aaa)); and wherein R^(3aa), R^(3aaa) are independently selected from the group consisting of H; and C₁₋₄ alkyl.

Preferably, L² has a molecular weight in the range of from 14 g/mol to 750 g/mol.

Preferably, L² is attached to Z via a terminal group selected from

In case L² has such terminal group it is furthermore preferred that L² has a molecular weight in the range of from 14 g/mol to 500 g/mol calculated without such terminal group.

Preferably, the covalent attachment formed between the linker and hydrogel Z is a permanent bond.

Preferably, the hydrogel Z is a biodegradable polyethylene glycol (PEG) based water-insoluble hydrogel. The term “PEG based” as understood herein means that the mass proportion of PEG chains in the hydrogel is at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 25%, based on the total weight of the hydrogel. The remainder can be made up of other spacers and/or oligomers or polymers, such as oligo- or polylysines.

Moreover the term “water-insoluble” refers to a swellable three-dimensionally crosslinked molecular network forming the hydrogel. The hydrogel if suspended in a large surplus of water or aqueous buffer of physiological osmolality may take up a substantial amount of water, e.g. up to 10-fold on a weight per weight basis, and is therefore swellable but after removing excess water still retains the physical stability of a gel and a shape. Such shape may be of any geometry and it is understood that such an individual hydrogel object is to be considered as a single molecule consisting of components wherein each component is connected to each other component through chemical bonds.

According to this invention, the hydrogel may be composed of backbone moieties interconnected by hydrolytically degradable bonds.

Preferably, the backbone moiety has a molecular weight in the range of from 1 kDa to 20 kDa, more preferably from 1 kDa to 15 kDa and even more preferably from 1 kDa to 10 kDa. The backbone moieties are preferably also PEG-based comprising one or more PEG chains.

In a hydrogel carrying drug-linker conjugates according to the invention, a backbone moiety is characterized by a number of functional groups, comprising interconnected biodegradable functional groups and hydrogel-connected drug-linker conjugates, and optionally capping groups. This means that a backbone moiety is characterized by a number of hydrogel-connected drug-linker conjugates; functional groups, comprising biodegradable interconnected functional groups; and optionally capping groups. Preferably, the sum of interconnected biodegradable functional groups and drug-linker conjugates and capping groups is 16-128, preferred 20-100, more preferred 24-80 and most preferred 30-60.

Preferably, the sum of interconnected functional groups and hydrogel-connected drug-linker conjugates and capping groups of a backbone moiety is equally divided by the number of PEG-based polymeric chains extending from the branching core. For instance, if there are 32 interconnected functional groups and hydrogel-connected drug-linker conjugates and capping groups, eight groups may be provided by each of the four PEG-based polymeric chains extending from the core, preferably by means of dendritic moieties attached to the terminus of each PEG-based polymeric chain. Alternatively, four groups may be provided by each of eight PEG-based polymeric chains extending from the core or two groups by each of sixteen PEG-based polymeric chains. If the number of PEG-based polymeric chains extending from the branching core does not allow for an equal distribution, it is preferred that the deviation from the mean number of the sum of interconnected functional groups and hydrogel-connected drug-linker conjugates and capping groups per PEG-based polymeric chain is kept to a minimum.

In such carrier-linked prodrugs according to the invention, it is desirable that almost all drug release (>90%) has occurred before a significant amount of release of the backbone moieties (<10%) has taken place. This can be achieved by adjusting the carrier-linked prodrug's half-life versus the degradation kinetics of the hydrogel according to the invention.

Preferentially, a backbone moiety is characterized by having a branching core, from which at least three PEG-based polymeric chains extend. Accordingly, in a preferred aspect of the present invention the backbone reagent comprises a branching core, from which at least three PEG-based polymeric chains extend. Such branching cores may be comprised of poly- or oligoalcohols in bound form, preferably pentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, hexaglycerine, sucrose, sorbitol, fructose, mannitol, glucose, cellulose, amyloses, starches, hydroxyalkyl starches, polyvinylalcohols, dextranes, hyualuronans, or branching cores may be comprised of poly- or oligoamines such as ornithine, diaminobutyric acid, trilysine, tetralysine, pentalysine, hexylysine, heptalysine, octalysine, nonalysine, decalysine, undecalysine, dodecalysine, tridecalysine, tetradecalysine, pentadecalysine or oligolysines, polyethyleneimines, polyvinylamines in bound form.

Preferably, the branching core extends three to sixteen PEG-based polymeric chains, more preferably four to eight. Preferred branching cores may be comprised of pentaerythritol, ornithine, diaminobutyric acid, trilysine, tetralysine, pentalysine, hexylysine, heptalysine or oligolysine, low-molecular weight PEI, hexaglycerine, tripentaerythritol in bound form. Preferably, the branching core extends three to sixteen PEG-based polymeric chains, more preferably four to eight. Preferably, a PEG-based polymeric chain is a linear poly(ethylene glycol) chain, of which one end is connected to the branching core and the other to a hyperbranched dendritic moiety. It is understood that a polymeric PEG-based chain may be terminated or interrupted by alkyl or aryl groups optionally substituted with heteroatoms and chemical functional groups.

Preferably, a PEG-based polymeric chain is a suitably substituted polyethylene glycol derivative (PEG based).

Preferred structures for corresponding PEG-based polymeric chains extending from a branching core contained in a backbone moiety are multi-arm PEG derivatives as, for instance, detailed in the products list of JenKem Technology, USA (accessed by download from www.jenkemusa.com on Jul. 28, 2009), 4ARM-PEG Derivatives (pentaerythritol core), 8ARM-PEG Derivatives (hexaglycerin core) and 8ARM-PEG Derivatives (tripentaerythritol core). Most preferred are 4arm PEG Amine (pentaerythritol core) and 4arm PEG Carboxyl (pentaerythritol core), 8arm PEG Amine (hexaglycerin core), 8arm PEG Carboxyl (hexaglycerin core), 8arm PEG Amine (tripentaerythritol core) and 8arm PEG Carboxyl (tripentaerythritol core). Preferred molecular weights for such multi-arm PEG-derivatives in a backbone moiety are 1 kDa to 20 kDa, more preferably 1 kDa to 15 kDa and even more preferably 1 kDa to 10 kDa.

It is understood that the terminal amine groups of the above mentioned multi-arm molecules are present in bound form in the backbone moiety to provide further interconnected functional groups and reactive functional groups of a backbone moiety.

It is preferred that the sum of interconnected functional groups and reactive functional groups of a backbone moiety is equally divided by the number of PEG-based polymeric chains extending from the branching core. If the number of PEG-based polymeric chains extending from the branching core does not allow for an equal distribution, it is preferred that the deviation from the mean number of the sum of interconnected and reactive functional groups per PEG-based polymeric chain is kept to a minimum.

More preferably, the sum of interconnected and reactive functional groups of a backbone moiety is equally divided by the number of PEG-based polymeric chains extending from the branching core. For instance, if there are 32 interconnected functional groups and reactive functional groups, eight groups may be provided by each of the four PEG-based polymeric chains extending from the core, preferably by means of dendritic moieties attached to the terminus of each PEG-based polymeric chain. Alternatively, four groups may be provided by each of eight PEG-based polymeric chains extending from the core or two groups by each of sixteen PEG-based polymeric chains.

Such additional functional groups may be provided by dendritic moieties. Preferably, each dendritic moiety has a molecular weight in the range of from 0.4 kDa to 4 kDa, more preferably 0.4 kDa to 2 kDa. Preferably, each dendritic moiety has at least 3 branchings and at least 4 reactive functional groups, and at most 63 branchings and 64 reactive functional groups, preferred at least 7 branchings and at least 8 reactive functional groups and at most 31 branchings and 32 reactive functional groups.

Examples for such dendritic moieties are comprised of trilysine, tetralysine, pentalysine, hexylysine, heptalysine, octalysine, nonalysine, decalysine, undecalysine, dodecalysine, tridecalysine, tetradecalysine, pentadecalysine, hexadecalysine, heptadecalysine, octadecalysine, nonadecalysine in bound form. Examples for such preferred dendritic moieties are comprised of trilysine, tetralysine, pentalysine, hexylysine, heptalysine in bound form, most preferred trilysine, pentalysine or heptalysine, ornithine, diaminobutyric acid in bound form.

Most preferably, the hydrogel carrier of the present invention is characterized in that the backbone moiety has a quarternary carbon of formula C(A-Hyp)₄, wherein each A is independently a poly(ethylene glycol) based polymeric chain terminally attached to the quarternary carbon by a permanent covalent bond and the distal end of the PEG-based polymeric chain is covalently bound to a dendritic moiety Hyp, each dendritic moiety Hyp having at least four functional groups representing the interconnected functional groups and reactive functional groups.

Preferably, each A is independently selected from the formula —(CH₂)_(n1)(OCH₂CH₂)_(n)X—, wherein n1 is 1 or 2; n is an integer in the range of from 5 to 50; and X is a chemical functional group covalently linking A and Hyp.

Preferably, A and Hyp are covalently linked by an amide linkage.

Preferably, the dendritic moiety Hyp is a hyperbranched polypeptide. Preferably, the hyperbranched polypeptide comprises lysine in bound form. Preferably, each dendritic moiety Hyp has a molecular weight in the range of from 0.4 kDa to 4 kDa. It is understood that a backbone moiety C(A-Hyp)₄ can consist of the same or different dendritic moieties Hyp and that each Hyp can be chosen independently. Each moiety Hyp consists of between 5 and 32 lysines, preferably of at least 7 lysines, i.e. each moiety Hyp is comprised of between 5 and 32 lysines in bound form, preferably of at least 7 lysines in bound form. Most preferably Hyp is comprised of heptalysinyl.

The reaction of polymerizable functional groups a backbone reagent, more specifically of Hyp with the polymerizable functional groups of polyethyleneglycol based crosslinker reagents results in a permanent amide bond.

Preferably, C(A-Hyp)₄ has a molecular weight in the range of from 1 kDa to 20 kDa, more preferably 1 kDa to 15 kDa and even more preferably 1 kDa to 10 kDa.

One preferred backbone moiety is shown below, dashed lines indicate interconnecting biodegradable linkages to crosslinker moieties and n is an integer of from 5 to 50:

Biodegradability of the hydrogels according to the present invention is achieved by introduction of hydrolytically degradable bonds.

The terms “hydrolytically degradable”, “biodegradable” or “hydrolytically cleavable”, “auto-cleavable”, or “self-cleavage”, “self-cleavable”, “transient” or “temporary” refers within the context of the present invention to bonds and linkages which are non-enzymatically hydrolytically degradable or cleavable under physiological conditions (aqueous buffer at pH 7.4, 37° C.) with half-lives ranging from one hour to three months, including, but are not limited to, aconityls, acetals, amides, carboxylic anhydrides, esters, imines, hydrazones, maleamic acid amides, ortho esters, phosphamides, phosphoesters, phosphosilyl esters, silyl esters, sulfonic esters, aromatic carbamates, combinations thereof, and the like.

If present in a hydrogel according to the invention as degradable interconnected functional group, preferred biodegradable linkages are esters, carbonates, phosphoesters and sulfonic acid esters and most preferred are esters or carbonates.

Permanent linkages are non-enzymatically hydrolytically degradable under physiological conditions (aqueous buffer at pH 7.4, 37° C.) with half-lives of six months or longer, such as, for example, amides.

To introduce the hydrolytically cleavable bonds into the hydrogel carrier of the invention, the backbone moieties can be directly linked to each other by means of biodegradable bonds.

In one embodiment, the backbone moieties of the biodegradable hydrogel carrier may be linked together directly, i.e. without crosslinker moieties. The hyperbranched dendritic moieties of two backbone moieties of such biodegradable hydrogel may either be directly linked through an interconnected functional group that connects the two hyperbranched dendritic moieties. Alternatively, two hyperbranched dendritic moieties of two different backbone moieties may be interconnected through two spacer moieties connected to a backbone moiety and on the other side connected to a crosslinking moiety separated by an interconnected functional groups.

Alternatively, backbone moieties may be linked together through crosslinker moieties, each crosslinker moiety is terminated by at least two of the hydrolytically degradable bonds. In addition to the terminating degradable bonds, the crosslinker moieties may contain further biodegradable bonds. Thus, each end of the crosslinker moiety linked to a backbone moiety comprises a hydrolytically degradable bond, and additional biodegradable bonds may optionally be present in the crosslinker moiety.

Preferably, the biodegradable hydrogel carrier is composed of backbone moieties interconnected by hydrolytically degradable bonds and the backbone moieties are linked together through crosslinker moieties.

The biodegradable hydrogel carrier may contain one or more different types of crosslinker moieties, preferably one. The crosslinker moiety may be a linear or branched molecule and preferably is a linear molecule. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the crosslinker moiety is connected to backbone moieties by at least two biodegradable bonds.

Preferably, crosslinker moieties have a molecular weight in the range of from 60 Da to 5 kDa, more preferably, from 0.5 kDa to 4 kDa, even more preferably from 1 kDa to 4 kDa, even more preferably from 1 kDa to 3 kDa. In one embodiment, a crosslinker moiety consists of a polymer.

In addition to oligomeric or polymeric crosslinking moieties, low-molecular weight crosslinking moieties may be used, especially when hydrophilic high-molecular weight backbone moieties are used for the formation of a biodegradable hydrogel according to the invention.

Preferably, the poly(ethylene glycol) based crosslinker moieties are hydrocarbon chains comprising ethylene glycol units, optionally comprising further chemical functional groups, wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) based crosslinker moieties comprise at least each methylene glycol units, wherein m is an integer in the range of from 3 to 100, preferably from 10 to 70. Preferably, the poly(ethylene glycol) based crosslinker moieties have a molecular weight in the range of from 0.5 kDa to 5 kDa.

If used in reference to a crosslinker moiety or a PEG-based polymeric chain connected to a branching core, the term “PEG-based” refers to a crosslinker moiety or PEG-based polymeric chain comprising at least 20 weight % ethylene glycol moieties.

In one embodiment, monomers constituting the polymeric crosslinker moieties are connected by biodegradable bonds. Such polymeric crosslinker moieties may contain up to 100 biodegradable bonds or more, depending on the molecular weight of the crosslinker moiety and the molecular weight of the monomer units. Examples for such crosslinker moieties are poly(lactic acid) or poly(glycolic acid) based polymers. It is understood that such poly(lactic acid) or poly(glycolic acid) chain may be terminated or interrupted by alkyl or aryl groups and that they may optionally be substituted with heteroatoms and chemical functional groups.

Preferably, the crosslinker moieties are PEG based, preferably represented by only one PEG based molecular chain. Preferably, the poly(ethylene glycol) based crosslinker moieties are hydrocarbon chains comprising ethylene glycol units, optionally comprising further chemical functional groups, wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) based crosslinker moieties comprise at least each methylene glycol units, wherein m is an integer in the range of from 3 to 100, preferably from 10 to 70. Preferably, the poly(ethylene glycol) based crosslinker moieties have a molecular weight in the range of from 0.5 kDa to 5 kDa.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the crosslinker moiety consists of PEG, which is symmetrically connected through ester bonds to two alpha, omega-aliphatic dicarboxylic spacers provided by backbone moieties connected to the hyperbranched dendritic moiety through permanent amide bonds.

The dicarboxylic acids of the spacer moieties connected to a backbone moiety and on the other side is connected to a crosslinking moiety consist of 3 to 12 carbon atoms, most preferably between 5 and 8 carbon atoms and may be substituted at one or more carbon atom. Preferred substituents are alkyl groups, hydroxyl groups or amido groups or substituted amino groups. One or more of the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid's methylene groups may optionally be substituted by O or NH or alkyl-substituted N. Preferred alkyl is linear or branched alkyl with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Preferably, there is a permanent amide bond between the hyperbranched dendritic moiety and the spacer moiety connected to a backbone moiety and on the other side is connected to a crosslinking moiety.

One preferred crosslinker moiety is shown below; dashed lines indicate interconnecting biodegradable linkages to backbone moieties:

wherein n is an integer of from 5 to 50.

Preferably, the hydrogel carrier is composed of backbone moieties interconnected by hydrolytically degradable bonds.

More preferably, the backbone moieties comprise a branching core of the following formula:

-   -   wherein the dashed line indicates attachment to the remainder of         the backbone moiety.

More preferably, the backbone moieties comprise a structure of the following formula:

-   -   wherein n is an integer of from 5 to 50 and the dashed line         indicates attachment to the remainder of the backbone moiety.

Preferably, backbone moiety comprises a hyperbranched moiety Hyp.

More preferably, the backbone moiety comprises a hyperbranched moiety Hyp of the following formula:

wherein the dashed lines indicate attachment to the rest of the molecule and carbon atoms marked with asterisks indicate S-configuration.

Preferably, the backbone moieties are attached to at least one spacer of the following formula:

wherein the dashed line marked with the asterisk indicates the bond between the hydrogel and the N of the thiosuccinimide group, wherein the other dashed line indicates attachment to Hyp, and wherein p is an integer of from 0 to 10.

Preferably, the backbone moieties are attached to at least one spacer of the following formula:

wherein one of the dashed lines indicates attachment to the hyperbranched moiety Hyp and the second dashed line indicates attachment to the rest of the molecule; and wherein m is an integer of from 2 to 4.

Preferably, the backbone moieties are linked together through crosslinker moieties having the following structure

wherein q is an integer from 3 to 100; the hydrolysis rate of the biodegradable bonds between backbone moieties and crosslinker moieties is influenced or determined by the number and type of connected atoms adjacent to the PEG-ester carboxy group. For instance, by selecting from succinic, adipic or glutaric acid for PEG ester formation it is possible to vary the degradation half-lives of the biodegradable hydrogel carrier according to the invention.

The total amount of backbone moieties can be measured in solution after complete degradation of the hydrogel according to the invention, and during degradation, fractions of soluble backbone degradation products can be separated from the insoluble hydrogel according to the invention and can be quantified without interference from other soluble degradation products released from the hydrogel according to the invention. A hydrogel object according to the invention may be separated from excess water of buffer of physiological osmolality by sedimentation or centrifugation. Centrifugation may be performed in such way that the supernatant provides for at least 10% of the volume of the swollen hydrogel according to the invention. Soluble hydrogel degradation products remain in the aqueous supernatant after such sedimentation or centrifugation step, and water-soluble degradation products comprising one or more backbone moieties are detectable by subjecting aliquots of such supernatant to suitable separation and/or analytical methods.

Preferably, water-soluble degradation products may be separated from water-insoluble degradation products by filtration through 0.45 μm filters, after which the water-soluble degradation products can be found in the flow-through. Water-soluble degradation products may also be separated from water-insoluble degradation products by a combination of a centrifugation and a filtration step.

For instance the backbone moieties may carry groups that exhibit UV absorption at wavelengths where other degradation products do not exhibit UV absorption. Such selectively UV-absorbing groups may be structural components of the backbone moiety such as amide bonds or may be introduced into the backbone by attachment to its reactive functional groups by means of aromatic ring systems such as indoyl groups.

In such hydrogel-linked insulin prodrugs according to the invention, it is desirable that almost all insulin release (>90%) has occurred before a significant amount of release of the backbone degradation products (<10%) has taken place. This can be achieved by adjusting the hydrogel-linked insulin prodrug's half-life versus the hydrogel degradation kinetics.

The hydrogel-linked insulin prodrug of the present invention can be prepared starting from the hydrogel of the present invention by convenient methods known in the art. It is clear to a practitioner in the art that several routes exist. For example the prodrug linker mentioned above to which the biologically active moiety, i.e. insulin, is covalently attached can be reacted with the reactive functional groups of the hydrogel of the present invention with or with already bearing the active moiety, i.e. insulin, in part or as whole.

In a preferable method of preparation, the hydrogel is generated through chemical ligation reactions. The hydrogel may be formed from two macromolecular educts with complementary functionalities which undergo a reaction such as a condensation or addition. One of these starting materials is a crosslinker reagent with at least two identical functional groups and the other starting material is a homomultifunctional backbone reagent. Suitable functional groups present on the crosslinker reagent include terminal amino, carboxylic acid and derivatives, maleimide and other alpha,beta unsaturated Michael acceptors like vinylsulfone, thiol, hydroxyl groups. Suitable functional groups present in the backbone reagent include but are not limited to amino, carboxylic acid and derivatives, maleimide and other alpha,beta unsaturated Michael acceptors like vinylsulfone, thiol, hydroxyl groups.

If the crosslinker reagent polymerizable groups are used substoichiometrically with respect to backbone polymerizable groups, the resulting hydrogel will be a reactive hydrogel with free reactive functional groups attached to the backbone structure.

Optionally, the prodrug linker may be first conjugated to insulin and the resulting insulin-prodrug linker conjugate may then react with the hydrogel's reactive functional groups. Alternatively, after activation of one of the functional groups of the prodrug linker, the linker-hydrogel conjugate may be contacted with insulin in the second reaction step and excess insulin may be removed by filtration after conjugation of the insulin to the hydrogel-bound prodrug linker.

A preferred process for the preparation of a prodrug according to the present invention is as follows:

A preferred starting material for the backbone reagent synthesis is a 4-arm PEG tetra amine or 8-arm PEG octa amine, with the PEG reagent having a molecular weight ranging from 2000 to 10000 Dalton, most preferably from 2000 to 5000 Da. To such multi-arm PEG-derivatives, lysine residues are coupled sequentially to form the hyperbranched backbone reagent. It is understood that the lysines can be partially or fully protected by protective groups during the coupling steps and that also the final backbone reagent may contain protective groups. A preferred building block is bis-boc lysine. Alternatively, instead of sequential additions of lysine residues, a dendritic poly-lysine moiety may be assembled first and subsequently coupled to the 4-arm PEG tetra amine or 8-arm PEG octa amine. It is desirable to obtain backbone reagent carrying 32 amino groups, consequently seven lysines would be attached to each arm of a 4-arm PEG, or five lysines would be attached to each arm of a 8-arm PEG. In another embodiment, the multi-arm PEG derivative is a tetra- or octa carboxy PEG. In this case, the dendritic moieties may be generated from glutaric or aspartic acid, and the resulting backbone reagent would carry 32 carboxy groups. It is understood that all or a fraction of the backbone reagent's functional groups may be present in a free form, as salts or conjugated to protecting groups. It is understood that due to practical reasons the backbone reagent's number of lysines per PEG-arm will be between six and seven, more preferably approximately seven.

A preferred backbone reagent is shown below:

Synthesis of the crosslinker reagent starts from a linear PEG chain with a molecular weight ranging from 0.2 to 5 kDa, more preferably from 0.6 to 2 kDa, which is esterified with a half ester of a dicarboxylic acid, most adipic acid or glutaric acid. Preferred protecting group for half ester formation is the benzylic group. The resulting bis dicarboxylic acid PEG half esters are converted into more reactive carboxy compounds such as acyl chlorides or active esters, eg pentafluorophenyl or N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, most preferred N-hydroxysuccinimde esters, of which preferred selected structure is shown below.

wherein each m independently is an integer ranging from 2 to 4, and q is an integer of from 3 to 100.

More preferred is the following structure:

Alternatively, the bis dicarboxylic acid PEG half esters may be activated in the presence of a coupling agent such as DCC or HOBt or PyBOP.

In an alternative embodiment the backbone reagent carries carboxyl groups and the corresponding crosslinker reagent would be selected from ester-containing amino-terminated PEG-chains.

Backbone reagent and crosslinker reagent may be polymerized to form the hydrogel according to the invention using inverse emulsion polymerization. After selecting the desired stoichiometry between backbone and crosslinker polymerizable groups, backbone and crosslinker are dissolved in DMSO and a suitable emulgator with an appropriately selected HLB value, preferably Arlacel P135, is employed to form an inverse emulsion using a mechanical stirrer and controlling the stirring speed. Polymerization is initiated by the addition of a suitable base, preferably by N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenene diamine. After stirring for an appropriate amount of time, the reaction is quenched by the addition of an acid, such as acetic acid and water. The beads are harvested, washed, and fractionated according to particle size by mechanical sieving. Optionally, protecting groups may be removed at this stage.

In an alternative embodiment of this invention, multi-functional moieties are coupled to the reactive functional groups of the polymerized reactive hydrogel to increase the number of functional groups which allows to increase the drug load of the hydrogel. Such multi-functional moieties may be provided by suitably substituted derivatives of lysine, dilysine, trilysine, tetralysine, pentalysine, hexylysine, heptalysine, or oligolysine, low-molecular weight PEI. Preferably, the multi-functional moiety is lysine.

Further, such hydrogel according to the invention may be functionalized with a spacer carrying the same functional group, for instance, amino groups may be introduced into the hydrogel by coupling a heterobifunctional spacer, such as suitably activated COOH-(EG)₆-NH-fmoc (EG=ethylene glycol), and removing the fmoc-protecting group.

After loading the insulin-linker conjugate to the functionalized maleimido group-containing hydrogel, all remaining functional groups are capped with a suitable blocking reagent, such as mercaptoethanol, to prevent undesired side-reactions.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an insulin-linker conjugate carrying a free thiol group connected to the linker moiety, is reacted with a maleimide-functionalized hydrogel at temperatures between room temperature and 4° C., more preferred at room temperature, in a buffered aqueous solution of pH 2-5, preferably pH 2.5-4.5, more preferably pH 3.0-4.0. Subsequently, the corresponding resulting insulin-linker-hydrogel conjugate is treated with mercaptoethanol at temperatures between room temperature and 4° C., more preferred at room temperature, in a buffered aqueous solution of pH 2-5, preferably pH 2.5-4.0, more preferably pH 2.5-3.5.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, an insulin-linker conjugate carrying a maleimide group connected to the linker moiety, is reacted with a thiol-functionalized hydrogel at temperatures between room temperature and 4° C., more preferred at room temperature, in a buffered aqueous solution of pH 2-5, preferably pH 2.5-4.5, more preferably pH 3.0-4.0. Subsequently, the corresponding resulting insulin-linker-hydrogel conjugate is treated with a low molecular weight compound comprising a maleimide group, preferably a maleimide-containing compound of 100 to 300 Da, e.g. N-ethyl-maleimide, at temperatures between room temperature and 4° C., more preferred at room temperature, in a buffered aqueous solution of pH 2-5, preferably pH 2.5-4.0, more preferably pH 2.5-3.5.

Another aspect of the present invention is a process comprising the steps of

-   -   (a) contacting an aqueous suspension comprising         maleimide-functionalized hydrogel microparticles with a solution         comprising an insulin-linker reagent carrying thiol groups at         temperatures between room temperature and 4° C. in a buffered         aqueous solution of pH 2-5, resulting in an         insulin-linker-hydrogel conjugate;     -   (b) optionally, treating the insulin-linker-hydrogel conjugate         from step (a) with a thiol-containing compound of 34 Da to 500         Da at temperatures between room temperature and 4° C. in a         buffered aqueous solution of pH 2-5.

Another aspect of the present invention is a process comprising the steps of

-   -   (a) contacting an aqueous suspension comprising         thiol-functionalized hydrogel microparticles with a solution         comprising an insulin-linker reagent carrying maleimide groups         at temperatures between room temperature and 4° C. in a buffered         aqueous solution of pH 2-5, resulting in an         insulin-linker-hydrogel conjugate;     -   (b) optionally, treating the insulin-linker-hydrogel conjugate         from step (a) with a maleimide-containing compound of 100 to 300         Da at temperatures between room temperature and 4° C. in a         buffered aqueous solution of pH 2-5.

A particularly preferred method for the preparation of an insulin prodrug of the present invention comprises the steps of

-   -   (a) reacting a compound of formula C(A′-X¹)₄, wherein A′-X¹         represents A before its binding to Hyp or a precursor of Hyp and         X¹ is a suitable functional group, with a compound of formula         Hyp′-X², wherein Hyp′-X² represents Hyp before its binding to A         or a precursor of Hyp and X² is a suitable functional group to         react with X¹;     -   (b) optionally reacting the resulting compound from step (a) in         one or more further steps to yield a compound of formula         C(A-Hyp)₄ having at least four functional groups;     -   (c) reacting the at least four functional groups of the         resulting compound from step (b) with a polyethyleneglycol based         crosslinker reagent, wherein the reactive groups of the         crosslinker reagent are used in a sub-stoichiometric amount         compared to the total number of reactive functional groups of         C(A-Hyp)₄ to yield a hydrogel;     -   (d) reacting remaining un-reacted functional groups         (representing the reactive functional groups of the backbone         comprised in the hydrogel of the present invention) in the         hydrogel backbone of step (c) with a covalent conjugate of         insulin and transient prodrug linker or first reacting the         un-reacted functional groups with the transient prodrug linker         and subsequently with insulin;     -   (e) optionally capping remaining un-reacted functional groups to         yield a prodrug of the present invention.

Specifically, hydrogels for the insulin prodrug of the present invention are synthesized as follows:

For bulk polymerization, backbone reagent and crosslinker reagent are mixed in a ratio amine/active ester of 2:1 to 1.05:1.

Both backbone reagent and crosslinker reagent are dissolved in DMSO to give a solution with a concentration of 5 to 50 g per 100 mL, preferably 7.5 to 20 g per 100 ml and most preferably 10 to 20 g per 100 ml.

To effect polymerization, 2 to 10% (vol.) N,N,N′,N′-tertramethylethylene diamine (TMEDA) are added to the DMSO solution containing crosslinker reagent and backbone reagent and the mixture is shaken for 1 to 20 sec and left standing. The mixture solidifies within less than 1 min.

Such hydrogel according to the invention is preferably comminuted by mechanical processes such as stirring, crushing, cutting pressing, or milling, and optionally sieving. For emulsion polymerization, the reaction mixture is comprised of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase.

For the dispersed phase, backbone reagent and crosslinker reagent are mixed in a ratio amine/active ester of 2:1 to 1.05:1 and are dissolved in DMSO to give a to give a solution with a concentration of 5 to 50 g per 100 mL, preferably 7.5 to 20 g per 100 ml and most preferably 10 to 20 g per 100 ml.

The continuous phase is any solvent, that is not miscible with DMSO, not basic, aprotic and shows a viscosity lower than 10 Pa*s. Preferably, the solvent is not miscible with DMSO, not basic, aprotic, shows a viscosity lower than 2 Pa*s and is non-toxic. More preferably, the solvent is a saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon with 5 to 10 carbon atoms. Most preferably, the solvent is n-heptane.

To form an emulsion of the dispersed phase in the continuous phase, an emulsifier is added to the continuous phase before adding the dispersed phase. The amount of emulsifier is 2 to 50 mg per mL dispersed phase, more preferably 5 to 20 mg per mL dispersed phase, most preferably 10 mg per mL dispersed phase.

The emulsifier has an HLB-value of 3 to 8. Preferably, the emulsifier is a triester of sorbitol and a fatty acid or an poly(hydroxyl fatty acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) conjugate. More preferably, the emulsifier is an poly(hydroxy-fatty acid)-polyethylene glycol conjugate, with a linear poly(ethylene glycol) of a molecular weight in the range of from 0.5 kDa to 5 kDa and poly(hydroxy-fatty acid) units of a molecular weight in the range of from 0.5 kDa to 3 kDa on each end of the chain. Most preferably, the emulsifier is poly(ethylene glycol)dipolyhydroxy stearate, Cithrol DPHS (Cithrol DPHS, former Arlacel P135, Croda International Plc)

Droplets of the dispersed phase are generated by stirring with an axial flow impeller with a geometry similar to stirrers such as Isojet, Intermig, Propeller (EKATO Rühr- and Mischtechnik GmbH, Germany)), most preferably similar to Isojet with a diameter of 50 to 90% of the reactor diameter. Preferably, stirring is initiated before addition of the dispersed phase. Stirrer speed is set to 0.6 to 1.7 m/s. The dispersed phase is added at room temperature, and the concentration of the disperse phase is 2% to 70%, preferably 5 to 50%, more preferably 10 to 40%, and most preferably 20 to 35% of the total reaction volume. The mixture of dispersed phase, emulsifier and continuous phase is stirred for 5 to 60 min before adding the base to the effect polymerization.

5 to 10 equivalents (referred to each amide bond to be formed) of a base are added to the mixture of dispersed and continuous phase. The base is aprotic, non nucleophilic and soluble in the disperse phase. Preferably, the base is aprotic, non nucleophilic, well soluble in both disperse phase and DMSO. More preferably, the base is aprotic, non nucleophilic, well soluble in both disperse phase and DMSO, an amine base and non-toxic. Most preferably, the base is N,N,N′,N′-tertramethylethylene diamine (TMEDA). Stirring in the presence of base is continued for 1 to 16 h.

During stirring, droplets of dispersed phase are hardened to become crosslinked hydrogel beads according to the invention which can be collected and fractionation according to size is performed on a vibrational continuous sieving machine with a 75 μm and a 32 μm deck to give hydrogel microparticles according to the invention.

The hydrogel for the insulin prodrug of the present invention can be obtained from the preparation methods in form of microparticles. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the reactive hydrogel is a shaped article such as a mesh or a stent. Most preferably, the hydrogel is formed into microparticulate beads which can be administered as subcutaneous or intramuscular injection by means of a standard syringe. Such soft beads may have a diameter of between 1 and 500 micrometer.

Preferably, the microparticles have a diameter of between 10 and 100 micrometer if suspended in an isotonic aqueous formulation buffer, most preferably a diameter of between 20 and 100 micrometer, most preferably a diameter of between 25 and 80 micrometer.

Preferably, the microparticles can be administered by injection through a needle smaller than 0.6 mm inner diameter, preferably through a needle smaller than 0.3 mm inner diameter, more preferably through a needle small than 0.225 mm inner diameter, even more preferably through a needle smaller than 0.175 mm inner diameter, and most preferably through a needle small than 0.16 mm inner diameter.

It is understood that the terms “can be administered by injection”, “injectable” or “injectability” refer to a combination of factors such as a certain force applied to a plunger of a syringe containing the biodegradable hydrogel according to the invention swollen in a liquid at a certain concentration (w/v) and at a certain temperature, a needle of a given inner diameter connected to the outlet of such syringe, and the time required to extrude a certain volume of the biodegradable hydrogel according to the invention from the syringe through the needle.

In order to provide for injectability, a volume of 1 mL of the insulin prodrugs according to the invention swollen in water to a concentration of at least 5% (w/v) and contained in a syringe holding a plunger of a diameter of 4.7 mm can be extruded at room temperature within 10 seconds by applying a force of less than 50 Newton.

Preferably injectability is achieved for an insulin prodrug according to the invention swollen in water to a concentration of ca. 10% (w/v).

In a further embodiment the composition is characterized by being a liquid composition which upon injection forms a depot.

In a further embodiment the composition is characterized by being administered by injection, such as subcutaneous or intramuscular.

In a further embodiment the composition is for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder associated with insulin deficiency in which treatment or prevention with an insulin compound is beneficial, such as hyperglycemia, pre-diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, syndrome X. Typically, such disease or disorder is diabetes type II.

In a further embodiment the insulin compound is selected from human or nonhuman insulin or insulin analogs and derivatives or conjugates thereof. More preferred is human insulin and insulin analogs, such as for example insulin glargine, insulin detemir, insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin glulisine. When administering the insulin compound a maximum peak concentration is typically reached within the first 48 hours. In a further embodiment the peak concentration is reached within the first 24 hours of administration, such as within the first 12 hours of administration, e.g. within the first 6 hours of administration.

In a further aspect the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention further comprises a GLP-1 compound, typically a GLP-1 agonist.

Such a GLP-1 compound is typically selected from any one of

Exendin-4 [Seq ID No: 1] HGEGTFTSDL SKQMEEEAVR LFIEWLKNGG PSSGAPPPS-NH2 Exendin-3 [Seq ID No: 2] HSDGTFTSDL SKQMEEEAVR LFIEWLKNGG PSSGAPPPS-NH2 [Seq ID No: 3] HGEGTFTSDL SKQMEEEAVR LFIEWLKNGG P [Seq ID No: 4] HGEGTFTSDL SKQMEEEAVR LFIEWLKNGG Y [Seq ID No: 5] HGEGTFTSDL SKQMEEEAVR LFIEWLKNGG [Seq ID No: 6] HGEGTFTSDL SKQMEEEAVR LFIEWLKNGG-NH2 [Seq ID No: 7] HGEGTFTSDL SKQMEEEAVR LFIEWLKN-NH2 [Seq ID No: 8] HGEGTFTSDL SKQLEEEAVR LFIEFLKNGG PSSGAPPPS-NH2 [Seq ID No: 9] HGEGTFTSDL SKQLEEEAVR LFIEFLKN-NH2 [Seq ID No: 10] HGEGTFTSDL SKQLEEEAVR LAIEFLKN-NH2 [Seq ID No: 11] HGEGTFTSDL SKQLEEEAVR LFIEWLKNGG PSSGAPPPS-NH2 [Seq ID No: 12] HGDGTFTSDL SKQMEEEAVR LFIEWLKNGG PSSGAPPPS-NH2 GLP-1 (7-36) amide [Seq ID No 13] HAEGTFTSDV SSYLEGQAAK EFIAWLVKGR-NH2 [Seq ID No 14] HSEGTFTSDV SSYLEGQAAK EFIAWLVKGR-NH2 GLP-1 (7-37) [Seq ID No 15] HAEGTFTSDV SSYLEGQAAK EFIAWLVKGRG [Seq ID No 16] HAXaaGTFTSDV SSYLEGQAAK EFIAWLVKGR-NH2 Wherein Xaa is selected from P, F, Y. [Seq ID No 17] HXaaEGTFTSDV SSYLEGQAAK EFIAWLVKGR-NH2 Wherein Xaa is selected from T, a-aminobutyric acid, D-Ala, V, Gly. [Seq ID No 18] HaEGTFTSDV SSYLEGQAAK EFIAWLVKGG [Seq ID No 19] R-HAEGTFTSDV SSYLEGQAAK EFIAWLVKGR-NH2 Wherein R is selected from acetyl, pyroglutamyl, N-2-hydroxybenzoyl, N-trans-3-hexenoyl. [Seq ID No 20] HXaaAEGTFTSDV SSYLEGQAAK EFIAWLVKGR-NH2 Wherein Xaa is 6-amino-hexanoyl.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to use of an insulin compound for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising the insulin compound in a concentration that is sufficient to maintain a therapeutically effective level of the insulin compound in blood plasma for at least 3 days, typically at least 80 hours, e.g. a week or more characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile in vivo with substantially no burst of the insulin compound, for treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder associated with insulin deficiency in which treatment or prevention with an insulin compound is beneficial.

Such a concentration will vary from subject to subject and depend on the therapeutic window in an individual subject, but in order for a therapeutic effect to be present during at least 3 days, e.g. a week (i.e. about 7 days) the concentration is typically at least about 10 mg/ml, e.g. more than 10 mg/ml.

A preferred composition of an insulin-hydrogel prodrug is given in the following paragraphs.

The composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug may be provided as a suspension composition or as a dry composition. Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug is a dry composition. Suitable methods of drying are, for example, spray-drying and lyophilization (freeze-drying). Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug is dried by lyophilization.

Preferably, the insulin hydrogel prodrug is sufficiently dosed in the composition to provide therapeutically effective amount of insulin for at least three days in one application. More preferably, one application of the insulin hydrogel prodrug is sufficient for one week.

The pharmaceutical composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug according to the present invention contains one or more excipients.

Excipients used in parenteral compositions may be categorized as buffering agents, isotonicity modifiers, preservatives, stabilizers, anti-adsorption agents, oxidation protection agents, viscosifiers/viscosity enhancing agents, or other auxiliary agents. In some cases, these ingredients may have dual or triple functions. The compositions of insulin-hydrogel prodrugs according to the present invention contain one or more than one excipient, selected from the groups consisting of:

-   (i) Buffering agents: physiologically tolerated buffers to maintain     pH in a desired range, such as sodium phosphate, bicarbonate,     succinate, histidine, citrate and acetate, sulphate, nitrate,     chloride, pyruvate. Antacids such as Mg(OH)₂ or ZnCO₃ may be also     used. Buffering capacity may be adjusted to match the conditions     most sensitive to pH stability -   (ii) Isotonicity modifiers: to minimize pain that can result from     cell damage due to osmotic pressure differences at the injection     depot. Glycerin and sodium chloride are examples. Effective     concentrations can be determined by osmometry using an assumed     osmolality of 285-315 mOsmol/kg for serum -   (iii) Preservatives and/or antimicrobials: multidose parenteral     preparations require the addition of preservatives at a sufficient     concentration to minimize risk of patients becoming infected upon     injection and corresponding regulatory requirements have been     established. Typical preservatives include m-cresol, phenol,     methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben,     chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, thimerosol,     sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, benzoic acid, chlorocresol, and     benzalkonium chloride -   (iv) Stabilizers: Stabilisation is achieved by strengthening of the     protein-stabilising forces, by destabilisation of the denatured     stater, or by direct binding of excipients to the protein.     Stabilizers may be amino acids such as alanine, arginine, aspartic     acid, glycine, histidine, lysine, proline, sugars such as glucose,     sucrose, trehalose, polyols such as glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol,     salts such as potassium phosphate, sodium sulphate, chelating agents     such as EDTA, hexaphosphate, ligands such as divalent metal ions     (zinc, calcium, etc.), other salts or organic molecules such as     phenolic derivatives. In addition, oligomers or polymers such as     cyclodextrins, dextran, dendrimers, PEG or PVP or protamine or HSA     may be used -   (v) Anti-adsorption agents: Mainly ionic or inon-ionic surfactants     or other proteins or soluble polymers are used to coat or adsorb     competitively to the inner surface of the composition's or     composition's container. E.g., poloxamer (Pluronic F-68), PEG     dodecyl ether (Brij 35), polysorbate 20 and 80, dextran,     polyethylene glycol, PEG-polyhistidine, BSA and HSA and gelatines.     Chosen concentration and type of excipient depends on the effect to     be avoided but typically a monolayer of surfactant is formed at the     interface just above the CMC value -   (vi) Lyo- and/or cryoprotectants: During freeze- or spray drying,     excipients may counteract the destabilising effects caused by     hydrogen bond breaking and water removal. For this purpose sugars     and polyols may be used but corresponding positive effects have also     been observed for surfactants, amino acids, non-aqueous solvents,     and other peptides. Trehalose is particularly efficient at reducing     moisture-induced aggregation and also improves thermal stability     potentially caused by exposure of protein hydrophobic groups to     water. Mannitol and sucrose may also be used, either as sole     lyo/cryoprotectant or in combination with each other where higher     ratios of mannitol:sucrose are known to enhance physical stability     of a lyophilized cake. Mannitol may also be combined with trehalose.     Trehalose may also be combined with sorbitol or sorbitol used as the     sole protectant. Starch or starch derivatives may also be used -   (vii) Oxidation protection agents: antioxidants such as ascorbic     acid, ectoine, methionine, glutathione, monothioglycerol, morin,     polyethylenimine (PEI), propyl gallate, vitamin E, chelating agents     such as citric acid, EDTA, hexaphosphate, thioglycolic acid -   (viii) Viscosifiers or viscosity enhancers: retard settling of the     particles in the vial and syringe and are used in order to     facilitate mixing and resuspension of the particles and to make the     suspension easier to inject (i.e., low force on the syringe     plunger). Suitable viscosifiers or viscosity enhancers are, for     example, carbomer viscosifiers like Carbopol 940, Carbopol Ultrez     10, cellulose derivatives like hydroxypropylmethylcellulose     (hypromellose, HPMC) or diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE or     DEAE-C), colloidal magnesium silicate (Veegum) or sodium silicate,     hydroxyapatite gel, tricalcium phosphate gel, xanthans, carrageenans     like Satia gum UTC 30, aliphatic poly(hydroxy acids), such as     poly(D,L- or L-lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) and     their copolymers (PLGA), terpolymers of D,L-lactide, glycolide and     caprolactone, poloxamers, hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene) blocks and     hydrophobic poly(oxypropylene) blocks to make up a triblock of     poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene)-poly(oxyethylene) (e.g.     Pluronic®), polyetherester copolymer, such as a polyethylene glycol     terephthalate/polybutylene terephthalate copolymer, sucrose acetate     isobutyrate (SAIB), dextran or derivatives thereof, combinations of     dextrans and PEG, polydimethylsiloxane, collagen, chitosan,     polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and derivatives, polyalkylimides,     poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethyl ammonium (DADMA)),     polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as     dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, heparin,     heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, ABA triblock or AB block copolymers     composed of hydrophobic A-blocks, such as polylactide (PLA) or     poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and hydrophilic B-blocks, such as     polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Such block     copolymers as well as the abovementioned poloxamers may exhibit     reverse thermal gelation behavior (fluid state at room temperature     to facilitate administration and gel state above sol-gel transition     temperature at body temperature after injection). -   (ix) Spreading or diffusing agent: modifies the permeability of     connective tissue through the hydrolysis of components of the     extracellular matrix in the intrastitial space such as but not     limited to hyaluronic acid, a polysaccharide found in the     intercellular space of connective tissue. A spreading agent such as     but not limited to hyaluronidase temporarily decreases the viscosity     of the extracellular matrix and promotes diffusion of injected     drugs. -   (x) Other auxiliary agents: such as wetting agents, viscosity     modifiers, antibiotics, hyaluronidase. Acids and bases such as     hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide are auxiliary agents     necessary for pH adjustment during manufacture

Preferably, the composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug contains one or more than one viscosifier and/or viscosity modifying agent.

The term “excipient” preferably refers to a diluent, adjuvant, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical excipient can be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, including but not limited to peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. Water is a preferred excipient when the pharmaceutical composition is administered orally. Saline and aqueous dextrose are preferred excipients when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions are preferably employed as liquid excipients for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. The composition can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and excipients such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standard excipients such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical excipients are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin. Such compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of excipient so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulation should suit the mode of administration.

In a general embodiment a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention whether in dry form or as a suspension or in another form may be provided as single or multiple dose composition.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the dry composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug is provided as a single dose, meaning that the container in which it is supplied contains one pharmaceutical dose.

Thus in another aspect of the present invention the composition is provided as a single dose composition.

Preferably, the suspension composition is a multiple dose composition, meaning that it contains more than one therapeutic dose. Preferably, a multiple dose composition contains at least 2 doses. Such multiple dose composition of insulin-hydrogel can either be used for different patients in need thereof or is intended for use in one patient, wherein the remaining doses are stored after the application of the first dose until needed.

In another aspect of the present invention the composition is comprised in a container. Preferably the container is a dual-chamber syringe. Especially the dry composition according to the present invention is provided in a first chamber of the dual-chamber syringe and reconstitution solution is provided in a second chamber of the dual-chamber syringe.

Prior to applying the dry composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug to a patient in need thereof, the dry composition is reconstituted. Reconstitution can take place in the container in which the dry composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug is provided, such as in a vial, syringe, dual-chamber syringe, ampoule, and cartridge. Reconstitution is done by adding a predefined amount of reconstitution solution to the dry composition. Reconstitution solutions are sterile liquids, such as water or buffer, which may contain further additives, such as preservatives and/or antimicrobials. If the insulin-hydrogel prodrug composition is provided as single dose, the reconstitution solution may contain one or more preservative and/or antimicrobial. Preferably, the reconstitution solution is sterile water. If the composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug is a multiple dose composition, it is preferred that the reconstitution solution contains one or more preservative and/or antimicrobial, such as, for example, benzylalcohol and cresol.

An additional aspect of the present invention relates to the method of administration of a reconstituted insulin hydrogel prodrug composition. The insulin hydrogel prodrug composition can be administered by methods of injection or infusion, including intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraosseous, and intraperitoneal.

A further aspect is a method of preparing a reconstituted composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an insulin hydrogel prodrug, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, wherein the insulin is transiently linked to a hydrogel, the method comprising the step of

-   -   contacting the composition of the present invention with a         reconstitution solution.

Another aspect is a reconstituted composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a insulin hydrogel prodrug, and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, wherein the insulin is transiently linked to a hydrogel obtainable by the method above.

Another aspect of the present invention is the method of manufacturing a dry composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug. In one embodiment, such suspension composition is made by

-   -   (i) admixing the insulin-hydrogel prodrug with one or more         excipients,     -   (ii) transferring amounts equivalent to single or multiple doses         into a suitable container,     -   (iii) drying the composition in said container, and     -   (iv) sealing the container.

Suitable containers are vials, syringes, dual-chamber syringes, ampoules, and cartridges.

Another aspect is a kit of parts. When the administration device is simply a hypodermic syringe then the kit may comprise the syringe, a needle and a container comprising the dry insulin-hydrogel prodrug composition for use with the syringe and a second container comprising the reconstitution solution. In more preferred embodiments, the injection device is other than a simple hypodermic syringe and so the separate container with reconstituted insulin-hydrogel prodrug is adapted to engage with the injection device such that in use the liquid composition in the container is in fluid connection with the outlet of the injection device. Examples of administration devices include but are not limited to hypodermic syringes and pen injector devices. Particularly preferred injection devices are the pen injectors in which case the container is a cartridge, preferably a disposable cartridge.

A preferred kit of parts comprises a needle and a container containing the composition according to the present invention and optionally further containing a reconstitution solution, the container being adapted for use with the needle. Preferably, the container is a dual-chamber syringe.

In another aspect, the invention provides a cartridge containing a composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug as hereinbefore described for use with a pen injector device. The cartridge may contain a single dose or multiplicity of doses of insulin.

In one embodiment of the present invention the suspension composition of insulin-hydrogel prodrug does not only comprise an insulin-hydrogel prodrug and one or more than one excipients, but also other biologically active agents, either in their free form or as prodrugs. Preferably, such additional one or more biologically active agent is a prodrug, more preferably a hydrogel prodrug. Such biologically active agents include, but are not limited to, compounds of the following classes:

-   -   (i) Sulfonylureas, such as, for example, chlorpropamide,         tolazamide, tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, and         the like,     -   (ii) Meglitinides, such as, for example, repaglinide,     -   (iii) Glucagon-like Peptide-1(GLP-1) and it's mimetics,         Glucose-insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and it's mimetics, Exendin         and it's mimetics, and Dipeptyl Protease Inhibitors (DPPIV),     -   (iv) Biguanides, such as, for example, metformin,     -   (v) Thiazolidinediones, such as, for example, rosiglitazone,         pioglitazone, troglitazone, isaglitazone (known as MCC-555),         2-[2-[(2R)-4-hexyl-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl]ethoxy]-benzene         acetic acid, and the like     -   (vi) GW2570, and the like,     -   (vii) Retinoid-X receptor (RXR) modulators, such as, for         example, targretin, 9-cis-retinoic acid, and the like,     -   (viii) Other insulin sensitizing agents, such as, for example,         INS-1, PTP-1B inhibitors, GSK3 inhibitors, glycogen         phosphorylase a inhibitors, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase         inhibitors, and the like,     -   (ix) Insulins, including regular or short-acting,         intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins, inhaled insulin         and insulin analogues, such as insulin molecules with minor         differences in the natural amino acid sequence     -   (x) Small molecule mimics of insulin, including, but not limited         to L-783281, TE-17411, and the like,     -   (xi) Na-glucose co-transporter inhibitors, such as T-1095,         T-1095A, phlorizen, and the like,     -   (xii) Amylin agonists which include, but are not limited to         pramlintide, and the like,     -   (xiii) Glucagon antagonists such as AY-279955, and the like.

In addition to antidiabetic agents, bioactive compounds may be anti-obesity agents such as orlistat, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, which prevents the breakdown and absorption of fat; or sibutramine, an appetite suppressant and inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, growth factors increasing fat mobilization (eg, growth hormone, IGF-1, growth hormone releasing factor), oxyntomodulin and ghrelin modulators. Other potential bioactive anti-obesity agents include, but are not limited to, appetite-suppressants acting through adrenergic mechanisms such as benzphetamine, phenmetrazine, phentermine, diethylpropion, mazindol, sibutramine, phenylpropanolamine or, ephedrine; appetite-suppressant agents acting through serotonergic mechanisms such as quipazine, fluoxetine, sertraline, fenfluramine, or dexfenfluramine; appetite-suppressant agents acting through dopamine mechanisms, eg, apomorphine; appetite-suppressant agents acting through histaminergic mechanisms (eg, histamine mimetics, H3 receptor modulators); enhancers of energy expenditure such as beta-3 adrenergic agonists and stimulators of uncoupling protein function; leptin and leptin mimetics (eg, metreleptin); neuropeptide Y antagonists; melanocortin-1, 3 and 4 receptor modulators; cholecystokinin agonists; glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics and analogues (eg, Exendin); androgens (eg, dehydroepiandrosterone and derivatives such as etiocholandione), testosterone, anabolic steroids (eg, oxandrolone), and steroidal hormones; galanin receptor antagonists; cytokine agents such as ciliary neurotrophic factor; amylase inhibitors; enterostatin agonists/mimetics; orexin/hypocretin antagonists; urocortin antagonists; bombesin agonists; modulators of protein kinase A; corticotropin-releasing factor mimetics; cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript mimetics; calcitonin-gene related peptide mimetics; and fatty acid synthase inhibitors.

In an alternative embodiment, the insulin-hydrogel prodrug composition according to the present invention is combined with a second biologically active compound in such way that the insulin-hydrogel prodrug is administered to a patient in need thereof first, followed by the administration of the second compound. Alternatively, the insulin-hydrogel composition is administered to a patient in need thereof after another compound has been administered to the same patient.

In addition to antidiabetic agents, bioactive compounds may be anti-obesity agents such as orlistat, a pancreatic lipase inhibitor, which prevents the breakdown and absorption of fat; or sibutramine, an appetite suppressant and inhibitor of the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain, growth factors increasing fat mobilization (eg, growth hormone, IGF-1, growth hormone releasing factor), oxyntomodulin and ghrelin modulators. Other potential bioactive anti-obesity agents include, but are not limited to, appetite-suppressants acting through adrenergic mechanisms such as benzphetamine, phenmetrazine, phentermine, diethylpropion, mazindol, sibutramine, phenylpropanolamine or, ephedrine; appetite-suppressant agents acting through serotonergic mechanisms such as quipazine, fluoxetine, sertraline, fenfluramine, or dexfenfluramine; appetite-suppressant agents acting through dopamine mechanisms, eg, apomorphine; appetite-suppressant agents acting through histaminergic mechanisms (eg, histamine mimetics, H3 receptor modulators); enhancers of energy expenditure such as beta-3 adrenergic agonists and stimulators of uncoupling protein function; leptin and leptin mimetics (eg, metreleptin); neuropeptide Y antagonists; melanocortin-1, 3 and 4 receptor modulators; cholecystokinin agonists; glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics and analogues (eg, Exendin); androgens (eg, dehydroepiandrosterone and derivatives such as etiocholandione), testosterone, anabolic steroids (eg, oxandrolone), and steroidal hormones; galanin receptor antagonists; cytokine agents such as ciliary neurotrophic factor; amylase inhibitors; enterostatin agonists/mimetics; orexin/hypocretin antagonists; urocortin antagonists; bombesin agonists; modulators of protein kinase A; corticotropin-releasing factor mimetics; cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript mimetics; calcitonin-gene related peptide mimetics; and fatty acid synthase inhibitors.

In an alternative embodiment, the insulin-hydrogel prodrug composition according to the present invention is combined with a second biologically active compound in such way that the insulin-hydrogel prodrug is administered to a patient in need thereof first, followed by the administration of the second compound. Alternatively, the insulin-hydrogel composition is administered to a patient in need thereof after another compound has been administered to the same patient.

Patients in need of treatment with the long acting insulin compositions described in the present invention are at high risk of developing comorbidities. Accordingly, the combination of the long acting insulin of the present with appropriate bioactive compounds may be used, e.g., for the prevention, delay of progression or treatment of diseases and disorders selected from the group consisting of hypertension (including but not limited to isolated systolic hypertension and familial dyslipidemic hypertension), congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, peripheral arterial disease, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulosclerosis, chronic renal failure, diabetic neuropathy, syndrome X, premenstrual syndrome, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, transient ischemic attacks, stroke, vascular restenosis, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism, conditions of impaired glucose tolerance, conditions of impaired fasting plasma glucose, obesity, erectile dysfunction, skin and connective tissue disorders, foot ulcerations and ulcerative colitis, endothelial dysfunction and impaired vascular compliance.

Prevention, delay of progression or treatment of diseases and disorders selected from the group above can be achieved by combination of the long acting insulin composition of the present invention with at least one bioactive compound selected from the drug classes used for treating said conditions, including AT₁-receptor antagonists; angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors; renin inhibitors; beta adrenergic receptor blockers; alpha adrenergic receptor blockers; calcium channel blockers; aldosterone synthase inhibitors; aldosterone receptor antagonists; neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors; dual angiotensin converting enzyme/neutral endopetidase (ACE/NEP) inhibitors; an endothelin receptor antagonists; diuretics; statins; nitrates; anti clotting agents; natriuretic peptides; digitalis compounds; PPAR modulators.

Accordingly, in a further aspect the present invention relates to use of an insulin compound for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising the insulin compound of a concentration of at least 10 mg/ml characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile with substantially no burst of the insulin compound, for treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder associated with insulin deficiency in which treatment or prevention with an insulin compound is beneficial.

In one embodiment of the present invention the concentration of the insulin compound is at least 11 mg/ml, such as from 11 mg/ml to 35 mg/ml, more preferred 15 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml, even more preferred around 20 mg/ml, and even more preferred around 24 mg/ml.

The volume to be administered, such as by a syringe, to a subject, such as a human, is preferably less than 1.5 ml, typically 1.0 ml or less.

In a further embodiment the disease or disorder associated with insulin deficiency in which treatment or prevention with an insulin compound is beneficial is selected from hyperglycemia, pre-diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, syndrome X. Typically, such disease or disorder is diabetes type II.

A still further embodiment concerns the treatment or prevention of hyperglycemia, pre-diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, syndrome X, in a mammal subject, such as a human subject.

In a further embodiment the human subject has been diagnosed with pre-diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, hypertension, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, syndrome X.

In a still further embodiment the pharmacokinetic profile is measured in mammalian blood plasma, such as human blood plasma.

In a further embodiment the composition is characterized by exhibiting a peak to trough ratio of less than 2, such as less than 1.75, less than 1.5, or less than 1.25.

In a still further embodiment the composition is characterized by a continuous release of a structurally intact insulin compound over the full time period between administrations.

In a further embodiment the full time period between administrations is at least about 80 hours, such as about 110 hours, typically a week.

In a still further embodiment the insulin compound is a prodrug. Such a prodrug may typically be selected from such described above represented by formula D-L.

In a further embodiment the insulin compound is fully contained in a depot, typically a polymer gel, such as a hydrogel, e.g. a well hydrated polymer matrix. Typically, a well-hydrated polymer matrix is minimizing intermolecular contact of insulin molecules.

In a still further embodiment the insulin compound is covalently linked in the depot, typically the polymer gel, such as the hydrogel, e.g. the well hydrated polymer matrix.

In a further embodiment the composition is characterized by being a liquid composition which upon injection forms a depot.

In a still further embodiment the composition is administered by injection, such as subcutaneous or intramuscular.

In a further embodiment the insulin compound is selected from human or nonhuman insulin or insulin analogs and derivatives or conjugates thereof. More preferred is human insulin and insulin analogs, such as for example insulin glargine, insulin detemir, insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin glulisine.

In a still further embodiment the peak concentration is reached within the first 24 hours of administration, such as within the first 12 hours of administration, e.g. within the first 6 hours of administration.

In a further embodiment the composition further comprises a GLP-1 compound.

A still further embodiment is in combination with a GLP-1 compound. Typically, the insulin compound may be administered first or vice versa, and the insulin compound and the GLP-1 compound may be administered simultaneously or sequentially.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method for treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder associated with insulin deficiency in which treatment or prevention with an insulin compound is beneficial, such as hyperglycemia, pre-diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, syndrome X, in a mammal subject in need of such a treatment or prevention by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an insulin compound in a concentration that is sufficient to maintain a therapeutically effective level of the insulin compound in blood plasma for at least 3 days, typically at least 80 hours, e.g. a week or more characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile in vivo with substantially no burst of the insulin compound.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a method for treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder associated with insulin deficiency in which treatment or prevention with an insulin compound is beneficial, such as hyperglycemia, pre-diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, syndrome X, in a mammal subject in need of such a treatment or prevention by administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an insulin compound in a concentration of at least 10 mg/ml characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile with substantially no burst of the insulin compound.

An embodiment relates to treatment or prevention of hyperglycemia, pre-diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, syndrome X, in a mammal subject, such as a human subject. Typically, the human subject has been diagnosed with pre-diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, hypertension, diabetes type I, diabetes type II, syndrome X.

In a further embodiment the concentration of the insulin compound is at least 11 mg/ml, such as from 11 mg/ml to 35 mg/ml.

In a still further embodiment the pharmacokinetic profile is measured in mammalian blood plasma, such as human blood plasma.

In a further embodiment the composition is characterized by exhibiting a peak to trough ratio of less than 2, such as less than 1.75, less than 1.5, or less than 1.25.

In a still further embodiment the composition is characterized by a continuous release of a structurally intact insulin compound over the full time period between administrations.

In a further embodiment the full time period between administrations is at least about 80 hours, such as about 110 hours, typically a week.

In a still further embodiment the insulin compound is a prodrug, such as any one of the prodrugs described herein.

In a further embodiment the insulin compound is fully contained in a depot, typically a polymer gel, such as a hydrogel, e.g. a well hydrated polymer matrix.

In a still further embodiment the insulin compound is covalently linked in the depot, typically the polymer gel, such as the hydrogel, e.g. the well hydrated polymer matrix.

In a further embodiment the composition is characterized by being a liquid composition which upon injection forms a depot.

In a still further embodiment the composition is administered by injection, such as subcutaneous or intramuscular.

In a further embodiment the insulin compound is selected from human or nonhuman insulin or insulin analogs and derivatives or conjugates thereof. More preferred is human insulin and insulin analogs, such as for example insulin glargine, insulin detemir, insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin glulisine. In a still further embodiment the peak concentration is reached within the first 24 hours of administration, such as within the first 12 hours of administration, e.g. within the first 6 hours of administration.

In a further embodiment the composition further comprises a GLP-1 compound.

A still further embodiment is in combination with a GLP-1 compound. Typically, the insulin compound may be administered first or vice versa, and the insulin compound and the GLP-1 compound may be administered simultaneously or sequentially.

In a further aspect the present invention relates to a kit of parts comprising a pharmaceutical composition of any one of the embodiments as described herein and a container for administration of the composition. Typically, the container is a syringe.

An embodiment of the kit further comprises a GLP-1 compound.

FIG. 1 a: HPLC chromatogram of insulin-linker conjugate 12a

FIG. 1 b: HPLC chromatogram of insulin-linker conjugate 12b

FIG. 2 shows the average plasma insulin concentration of animal 1-10 after a single subcutaneous dose of test item 11a containing 6 mg insulin into healthy rats over a 2 week period. (error bars are given as ±standard deviation as derived from all 10 animals, t₀ values were taken 3 days before dosage.)

FIG. 3: Average plasma insulin concentration of animal 1-8 after a single subcutaneous dose of test item 11da containing 3 mg insulin into healthy rats over a period of 13 days. (error bars are given as ±standard deviation as derived from all 8 animals, t₀ values were taken 1 day before dosage.)

FIG. 4: Plasma insulin concentration (grey squares) and blood glucose level (black circles) after a single subcutaneous dose of test item 11da containing 6.4 mg insulin into diabetic rats (n=7). (error bars are given as ±standard deviation as derived from all 7 animals, t₀ values were taken 4 days before dosage.)

FIG. 5: Average plasma insulin level after a single subcutaneous dose of 8 mg/kg of test item 11db into healthy rats during the first 24 hours after dosage (burst analysis). 8 rats were divided into 2 groups and blood samples for pharmacokinetics were taken alternating between both groups. In neither group was a burst effect perceivable. (Error bars are given as ±standard deviation as derived from all animals per group, t₀ values were taken 1 day before dosage.)

FIG. 6: Plasma insulin concentration (grey squares) and blood glucose level (black circles) during a 4 week period after 3 weekly subcutaneous doses of 8 mg/kg of test item 11da into diabetic rats (n=8). (error bars are given as ±standard deviation as derived from all 8 animals, t₀ values were taken 3 days before dosage.)

FIG. 7: Average plasma insulin concentration of animal 1-8 (animal 1-4 and animal 5-8 for 0.3, 1 h, 2, and 4 h value, respectively) after a single subcutaneous injection of 12 mg/kg insulin formulated in test item 11dc into healthy rats over a period of 13 days. (error bars are given as +/− standard deviation as derived from all 8 animals, t₀ values were taken 4 days before dosage)

FIG. 8: Overlay of insulin release and hydrogel degradation of insulin-linker-hydrogel 11a. Amount of insulin content in insulin-linker-hydrogel (triangles) and backbone moieties release (circles) upon incubation of insulin-linker-hydrogel at pH 7.4 and 37° C. is plotted against incubation time.

FIG. 9 shows a graph plotting force versus flow using a 30 G needle. Data points: black squares=ethylene glycol; black triangles=water; black dots=hydrogel insulin prodrug.

EXAMPLES Materials and Methods

Recombinant human insulin was obtained from Biocon Ltd., Bangalore, India.

Amino 4-arm PEG 5kDa was obtained from JenKem Technology, Beijing, P. R. China.

N-(3-maleimidopropyl)-21-amino-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaoxa-heneicosanoic acid NHS ester (Mal-PEG6-NHS) was obtained from Celares GmbH, Berlin, Germany.

2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin, HATU, N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl polystyrene, and amino acids were from Merck Biosciences GmbH, Schwalbach/Ts, Germany, if not stated otherwise. Fmoc(NMe)-Asp(OtBu)-OH was obtained from Bachem AG, Bubendorf, Switzerland. S-Trityl-6-mercaptohexanoic acid was purchased from Polypeptide, Strasbourg, France. Amino acids used were of L configuration if not stated otherwise.

All other chemicals were from Sigma-ALDRICH Chemie GmbH, Taufkirchen, Germany.

Solid phase synthesis was performed on 2-Chlorotrityl chloride (TCP) resin with a loading of 1.3 mmol/g. Syringes equipped with polypropylene frits were used as reaction vessels.

Loading of the first amino acid to resins was performed according to manufacturer's instructions.

Fmoc Deprotection:

For Fmoc protecting-group removal, the resin was agitated with 2/2/96 (v/v/v) piperidine/DBU/DMF (two times, 10 min each) and washed with DMF (ten times).

Fmoc Deprotection of Fmoc-Aib-Loaded Resins

Fmoc deprotection of immobilized Fmoc-Aib-OH was achieved by stirring the resin in DMF/piperidine 4/1 (v/v) at 50° C. for 20 min (2 times).

Cleavage Protocol for 2-chlorotrityl Chloride Resin:

Upon completed synthesis, the resin was washed with DCM, dried in vacuo and treated two times for 30 minutes with 6/4 (v/v) DCM/HFIP. Eluates were combined, volatiles were removed under a stream of nitrogen and the resulting crude product was purified by RP-HPLC. HPLC fractions containing product were combined and lyophilized.

Amine containing products obtained as TFA salts were converted to the corresponding HCl salts using ion exchange resin (Discovery DSC-SAX, Supelco, USA). This step was performed in case the residual TFA was expected to interfere with e.g. a subsequent coupling reaction.

RP-HPLC Purification:

RP-HPLC was done on a 100×20 mm or 100×40 mm C18 ReproSil-Pur 3000DS-3 5μ column (Dr. Maisch, Ammerbuch, Germany) connected to a Waters 600 HPLC System and Waters 2487 Absorbance detector. Linear gradients of solution A (0.1% TFA in H₂O) and solution B (0.1% TFA in acetonitrile) were used. HPLC fractions containing product were lyophilized.

Flash Chromatography

Flash chromatography purifications were performed on an Isolera One system from Biotage AB, Sweden, using Biotage KP-Sil silica cartridges and n-heptane and ethyl acetate as eluents. Products were detected at 254 nm.

For hydrogel beads, syringes equipped with polypropylene frits were used as reaction vessels or for washing steps.

Analytical Methods

Analytical ultra-performance LC (HPLC) was performed on a Waters Acquity system equipped with a Waters BEH300 C18 column (2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm particle size) coupled to a LTQ Orbitrap Discovery mass spectrometer from Thermo Scientific.

MS of PEG products showed a series of (CH₂CH₂O)_(n) moieties due to polydispersity of PEG staring materials. For easier interpretation only one single representative m/z signal is given in the examples. MS of insulin conjugates are reported for representative isotopes and refer to the four-proton adducts [M+4H]⁴⁺.

Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was performed using an Amersham Bioscience AEKTAbasic system equipped with a Superdex200 5/150 GL column (Amersham Bioscience/GE Healthcare) equipped with a 0.45 μm inlet filter, if not stated otherwise. 20 mM sodium phosphate, 140 mM NaCl, pH 7.4, was used as mobile phase.

Example 1 Synthesis of Backbone Reagent 1g

Backbone reagent 1g was synthesized from amino 4-arm PEG5000 1a according to following scheme:

For synthesis of compound 1b, amino 4-arm PEG5000 1a (MW ca. 5200 g/mol, 5.20 g, 1.00 mmol, HCl salt) was dissolved in 20 mL of DMSO (anhydrous). Boc-Lys(Boc)-OH (2.17 g, 6.25 mmol) in 5 mL of DMSO (anhydrous), EDC HCl (1.15 g, 6.00 mmol), HOBt.H₂O (0.96 g, 6.25 mmol), and collidine (5.20 mL, 40 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at RT.

The reaction mixture was diluted with 1200 mL of dichloromethane and washed with 600 mL of 0.1 N H₂SO₄ (2×), brine (1×), 0.1 M NaOH (2×), and 1/1 (v/v) brine/water (4×). Aqueous layers were reextracted with 500 mL of DCM. Organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give 6.3 g of crude product 1b as colorless oil. Compound 1b was purified by RP-HPLC.

Yield 3.85 g (59%) colorless glassy product 1b.

MS: m/z 1294.4=[M+5H]⁵⁺ (calculated=1294.6).

Compound 1c was obtained by stirring of 3.40 g of compound 1b (0.521 mmol) in 5 mL of methanol and 9 mL of 4 N HCl in dioxane at RT for 15 min. Volatiles were removed in vacuo. The product was used in the next step without further purification.

MS: m/z 1151.9=[M+5H]⁵⁺ (calculated=1152.0).

For synthesis of compound 1d, 3.26 g of compound 1c (0.54 mmol) were dissolved in 15 mL of DMSO (anhydrous). 2.99 g Boc-Lys(Boc)-OH (8.64 mmol) in 15 mL DMSO (anhydrous), 1.55 g EDC HCl (8.1 mmol), 1.24 g HOBt.H₂O (8.1 mmol), and 5.62 mL of collidine (43 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at RT.

Reaction mixture was diluted with 800 mL DCM and washed with 400 mL of 0.1 N H₂SO₄ (2×), brine (1×), 0.1 M NaOH (2×), and 1/1 (v/v) brine/water (4×). Aqueous layers were reextracted with 800 mL of DCM. Organic phases were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give a glassy crude product.

Product was dissolved in DCM and precipitated with cooled (−18° C.) diethylether. This procedure was repeated twice and the precipitate was dried in vacuo.

Yield: 4.01 g (89%) colorless glassy product 1d, which was used in the next step without further purification.

MS: m/z 1405.4=[M+6H]⁶⁺ (calculated=1405.4).

Compound 1e was obtained by stirring a solution of compound 1d (3.96 g, 0.47 mmol) in 7 mL of methanol and 20 mL of 4 N HCl in dioxane at RT for 15 min. Volatiles were removed in vacuo. The product was used in the next step without further purification.

MS: m/z 969.6=[M+7H]⁷⁺ (calculated=969.7).

For the synthesis of compound 1f, compound 1e (3.55 g, 0.48 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL of DMSO (anhydrous). Boc-Lys(Boc)-OH (5.32 g, 15.4 mmol) in 18.8 mL of DMSO (anhydrous), EDC HCl (2.76 g, 14.4 mmol), HOBt.H₂O (2.20 g, 14.4 mmol), and 10.0 mL of collidine (76.8 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 60 min at RT.

The reaction mixture was diluted with 800 mL of DCM and washed with 400 mL of 0.1 N H₂SO₄ (2×), brine (1×), 0.1 M NaOH (2×), and 1/1 (v/v) brine/water (4×). Aqueous layers were reextracted with 800 mL of DCM. Organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to give crude product 1f as colorless oil.

Product was dissolved in DCM and precipitated with cooled (−18° C.) diethylther. This step was repeated twice and the precipitate was dried in vacuo.

Yield 4.72 g (82%) colourless glassy product 1f which was used in the next step without further purification.

MS: m/z 1505.3=[M+8H]⁸⁺ (calculated=1505.4).

Backbone reagent 1g was obtained by stirring a solution of compound 1f (MW ca 12035 g/mol, 4.72 g, 0.39 mmol) in 20 mL of methanol and 40 mL of 4 N HCl in dioxane at RT for 30 min. Volatiles were removed in vacuo.

Yield 3.91 g (100%), glassy product backbone reagent 1g.

MS: m/z 977.2=[M+9H]⁹⁺ (calculated=977.4).

Alternative Synthetic Route for 1g

For synthesis of compound 1b, to a suspension of 4-Arm-PEG5000 tetraamine (1a) (50.0 g, 10.0 mmol) in 250 mL of iPrOH (anhydrous), boc-Lys(boc)-OSu (26.6 g, 60.0 mmol) and DIEA (20.9 mL, 120 mmol) were added at 45° C. and the mixture was stirred for 30 min.

Subsequently, n-propylamine (2.48 mL, 30.0 mmol) was added. After 5 min the solution was diluted with 1000 mL of MTBE and stored overnight at −20° C. without stirring. Approximately 500 mL of the supernatant were decanted off and discarded. 300 mL of cold MTBE were added and after 1 min shaking the product was collected by filtration through a glass filter and washed with 500 mL of cold MTBE. The product was dried in vacuo for 16 h.

Yield: 65.6 g (74%) 1b as a white lumpy solid

MS: m/z 937.4=[M+7H]⁷⁺ (calculated=937.6).

Compound 1c was obtained by stirring of compound 1b from the previous step (48.8 g, 7.44 mmol) in 156 mL of 2-propanol at 40° C. A mixture of 196 mL of 2-propanol and 78.3 mL of acetylchloride was added under stirring within 1-2 min. The solution was stirred at 40° C. for 30 min and cooled to −30° C. overnight without stirring. 100 mL of cold MTBE were added, the suspension was shaken for 1 min and cooled for 1 h at −30° C. The product was collected by filtration through a glass filter and washed with 200 mL of cold MTBE. The product was dried in vacuo for 16 h.

Yield: 38.9 g (86%) 1c as a white powder

MS: m/z 960.1=[M+6H]⁶⁺ (calculated=960.2).

For synthesis of compound 1d, to a suspension of 1c from the previous step (19.0 g, 3.14 mmol) in 80 ml 2-propanol boc-Lys(boc)-OSu (16.7 g, 37.7 mmol) and DIEA (13.1 mL, 75.4 mmol) were added at 45° C. and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at 45° C. Subsequently, n-propylamine (1.56 mL, 18.9 mmol) was added. After 5 min the solution was precipitated with 600 mL of cold MTBE and centrifuged (3000 min⁻¹, 1 min) The precipitate was dried in vacuo for 1 h and dissolved in 400 mL THF. 200 mL of diethyl ether were added and the product was cooled to −30° C. for 16 h without stirring. The suspension was filtered through a glass filter and washed with 300 mL cold MTBE. The product was dried in vacuo for 16 h.

Yield: 21.0 g (80%) 1d as a white solid

MS: m/z 1405.4=[M+6H]⁶⁺ (calculated=1405.4).

Compound 1e was obtained by dissolving compound 1d from the previous step (15.6 g, 1.86 mmol) in in 3 N HCl in methanol (81 mL, 243 mmol) and stirring for 90 min at 40° C. 200 mL of MeOH and 700 mL of iPrOH were added and the mixture was stored for 2 h at −30° C. For completeness of crystallization, 100 mL of MTBE were added and the suspension was stored at −30° C. overnight. 250 mL of cold MTBE were added, the suspension was shaken for 1 min and filtered through a glass filter and washed with 100 mL of cold MTBE. The product was dried in vacuo.

Yield: 13.2 g (96%) 1e as a white powder

MS: m/z 679.1=[M+10H]¹⁰⁺ (calculated=679.1).

For the synthesis of compound 1f, to a suspension of 1e from the previous step, (8.22 g, 1.12 mmol) in 165 ml 2-propanol boc-Lys(boc)-OSu (11.9 g, 26.8 mmol) and DIEA (9.34 mL, 53.6 mmol) were added at 45° C. and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Subsequently, n-propylamine (1.47 mL, 17.9 mmol) was added. After 5 min the solution was cooled to −18° C. for 2 h, then 165 mL of cold MTBE were added, the suspension was shaken for 1 min and filtered through a glass filter. Subsequently, the filter cake was washed with 4×200 mL of cold MTBE/iPrOH 4:1 and 1×200 mL of cold MTBE. The product was dried in vacuo for 16 h.

Yield: 12.8 g, MW (90%) if as a pale yellow lumpy solid

MS: m/z 1505.3=[M+8H]⁸⁺ (calculated=1505.4).

Backbone reagent 1g was obtained by dissolving 4ArmPEG5kDa(-LysLys₂Lys₄(boc)₈)₄ (1f) (15.5 g, 1.29 mmol) in 30 mL of MeOH and cooling to 0° C. 4 N HCl in dioxane (120 mL, 480 mmol, cooled to 0° C.) was added within 3 min and the ice bath was removed. After 20 min, 3 N HCl in methanol (200 mL, 600 mmol, cooled to 0° C.) was added within 15 min and the solution was stirred for 10 min at room temperature. The product solution was precipitated with 480 mL of cold MTBE and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 1 min. The precipitate was dried in vacuo for 1 h and redissolved in 90 mL of MeOH, precipitated with 240 mL of cold MTBE and the suspension was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 1 min. The product 1g was dried in vacuo

Yield: 11.5 g (89%) as pale yellow flakes.

MS: m/z 1104.9=[M+8H]⁸⁺ (calculated=1104.9).

Example 2 Synthesis of Crosslinker Reagent 2d

Crosslinker reagent 2d was prepared from adipic acid mono benzyl ester (English, Arthur R. et al., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1990, 33(1), 344-347) and PEG2000 according to the following scheme:

A solution of PEG 2000 (2a) (11.0 g, 5.5 mmol) and benzyl adipate half-ester (4.8 g, 20.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (90.0 mL) was cooled to 0° C. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (4.47 g, 21.7 mmol) was added followed by a catalytic amount of DMAP (5 mg) and the solution was stirred and allowed to reach room temperature overnight (12 h). The flask was stored at +4° C. for 5 h. The solid was filtered and the solvent completely removed by destillation in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 1000 mL 1/1 (v/v) diethyl ether/ethyl acetate and stored at RT for 2 hours while a small amount of a flaky solid was formed. The solid was removed by filtration through a pad of Celite®. The solution was stored in a tightly closed flask at −30° C. in the freezer for 12 h until crystallisation was complete. The crystalline product was filtered through a glass frit and washed with cooled diethyl ether (−30° C.). The filter cake was dried in vacuo. Yield: 11.6 g (86%) 2b as a colorless solid. The product was used without further purification in the next step.

MS: m/z 813.1=[M+3H]³⁺ (calculated=813.3)

In a 500 mL glass autoclave PEG2000-bis-adipic acid-bis-benzyl ester 2b (13.3 g, 5.5 mmol) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (180 mL) and 10% Palladium on charcoal (0.4 g) was added. The solution was hydrogenated at 6 bar, 40° C. until consumption of hydrogen had ceased (5-12 h). Catalyst was removed by filtration through a pad of Celite® and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. Yield: 12.3 g (quantitative) 2c as yellowish oil. The product was used without further purification in the next step.

MS: m/z 753.1=[M+3H]³⁺ (calculated=753.2)

A solution of PEG2000-bis-adipic acid half ester 2c (9.43 g, 4.18 mmol), N-hydroxysuccinimide (1.92 g, 16.7 mmol) and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (3.44 g, 16.7 mmol) in 75 mL of DCM (anhydrous) was stirred over night at room temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and precipitate was filtered off. DCM was evaporated and the residue was recrystallized from THF.

Yield: 8.73 g (85%) crosslinker reagent 2d as colorless solid.

MS: m/z 817.8=[M+3H]³⁺ (calculated=817.9 g/mol).

Example 3 Preparation of Hydrogel Beads (3) and (3a) Containing Free Amino Groups

A solution of 275 mg 1g and 866 mg 2d in 14 mL DMSO was added to a solution of 100 mg Arlacel P135 (Croda International Plc) in 60 mL heptane. The mixture was stirred at 700 rpm with a custom metal stirrer for 10 min at 25° C. to form a suspension. 1.0 mL N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-ethylene-diamine was added to effect polymerization. After 2 h, the stirrer speed was reduced to 400 rpm and the mixture was stirred for additional 16 h. 1.5 mL of acetic acid were added and then after 10 min 50 mL of water were added. After 5 min, the stirrer was stopped and the aqueous phase was drained.

For bead size fractionation, the water-hydrogel suspension was wet-sieved on 75, 50, 40, 32 and 20 μm mesh steel sieves. Bead fractions that were retained on the 32, 40, and 50 μm sieves were pooled and washed 3 times with water, 10 times with ethanol and dried for 16 h at 0.1 mbar to give 3 as a white powder.

3a was prepared as described for 3 except for the use of 1200 mg 1g, 3840 mg 2d, 28.6 ml DMSO, 425 mg Arlacel P135, 100 mL heptane and 4.3 ml TMEDA. For workup, 6.6 ml acetic acid were added and then after 10 min 50 mL of water and 50 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution were added.

Amino group content of hydrogel was determined by conjugation of a fmoc-amino acid to the free amino groups on the hydrogel and subsequent fmoc-determination as described by Gude, M., J. Ryf, et al. (2002) Letters in Peptide Science 9(4): 203-206.

The amino group content of 3 and 3a was determined to be between 0.11 and 0.16 mmol/g.

Example 4 Preparation of Maleimide Functionalized Hydrogel Beads (4) and (4a) and (4aa) and Determination of Maleimide Substitution

A solution of 600 mg Mal-PEG6-NHS (1.0 mmol) in 4.5 mL 2/1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water was added to 200 mg dry hydrogel beads 3. 500 μL sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 0.5 M) was added and the suspension was agitated for 30 min at room temperature. Beads 4 were washed five times each with 2/1 (v/v) acetonitrile/water, methanol and 1/1/0.001 (v/v/v/) acetonitrile/water/TFA.

4a was synthesized as described above except for the use of 3a instead of 3.

Alternatively, hydrogel beads 3a were pre-washed with 99/1 (v/v) DMSO/DIEA, washed with DMSO and incubated for 45 min with a solution of Mal-PEG6-NHS (2.0 eq relative to theoretical amount of amino groups on hydrogel) in DMSO. Beads 4aa were washed two times with DMSO and three times with pH 3.0 succinate (20 mM, 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20). The sample was incubated in pH 6.0 sodium phosphate (50 mM, 50 mM ethanolamine, 0.01% Tween-20) for 1 h at RT and washed five times with pH 3.0 sodium succinate (20 mM, 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20).

For determination of maleimide content, an aliquot of hydrogel beads 4, 4a, or 4aa, respectively, was lyophilized and weighed out. Another aliquot of hydrogel beads 4, 4a or 4aa, respectively, was reacted with excess mercaptoethanol (in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 30 min at RT), and mercaptoethanol consumption was detected by Ellman test (Ellman, G. L. et al., Biochem. Pharmacol., 1961, 7, 88-95). Maleimide content was determined to be between 0.11 and 0.13 mmol/g dry hydrogel.

Example 5 Synthesis of Linker Reagent 5d

Linker reagent 5d was synthesized according to the following scheme:

Synthesis of Linker Reagent Intermediate 5a:

4-Methoxytrityl chloride (3 g, 9.71 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (20 mL) and added dropwise to a solution of ethylenediamine (6.5 mL, 97.1 mmol) in DCM (20 mL). After two hours the solution was poured into diethyl ether (300 mL) and washed three times with 30/1 (v/v) brine/0.1 M NaOH solution (50 ml each) and once with brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to obtain the Mmt-protected intermediate (3.18 g, 9.56 mmol).

The Mmt-protected intermediate (3.18 g, 9.56 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (30 mL). 6-(Tritylmercapto)-hexanoic acid (4.48 g, 11.47 mmol), PyBOP (5.67 g, 11.47 mmol) and DIEA (5.0 mL, 28.68 mmol) were added and the mixture was agitated for 30 min at RT. The solution was diluted with diethyl ether (250 mL) and washed three times with 30/1 (v/v) brine/0.1 M NaOH solution (50 mL each) and once with brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. 5a was purified by flash chromatography.

Yield: 5.69 g (8.09 mmol).

MS: m/z 705.4=[M+H]⁺ (calculated=705.0).

Synthesis of Linker Reagent Intermediate 5b:

To a solution of 5a (3.19 g, 4.53 mmol) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) was added BH₃.THF (1 M solution, 8.5 mL, 8.5 mmol) and the solution was stirred for 16 hours at RT. Further BH₃.THF (1 M solution, 14 mL, 14 mmol) was added and stirred for 16 hours at RT. The reaction was quenched by addition of methanol (8.5 mL), N,N-dimethyl-ethylenediamine (3 mL, 27.2 mmol) was added and the solution was heated to reflux and stirred for three hours. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (300 mL) at RT, washed with saturated, aqueous Na₂CO₃ solution (2×100 mL) and saturated, aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (2×100 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and volatiles were evaporated at reduced pressure to obtain the crude amine intermediate (3.22 g).

The amine intermediate was dissolved in DCM (5 mL), Boc₂O (2.97 g, 13.69 mmol) dissolved in DCM (5 mL) and DIEA (3.95 mL, 22.65 mmol) were added and the mixture was agitated at RT for 30 min. The mixture was purified by flash chromatography to obtain the crude Boc- and Mmt-protected intermediate (3 g).

MS: m/z 791.4=[M+H]⁺, 519.3=[M-Mmt+H]⁺ (calculated=791.1).

0.4 M aqueous HCl (48 mL) was added to a solution of the Boc- and Mmt-protected intermediate in acetonitrile (45 mL). The mixture was diluted with acetonitrile (10 mL) and stirred for one hour at RT. Subsequently, the pH value of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 5.5 by addition of 5 M NaOH solution, acetonitrile was removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous solution was extracted with DCM (4×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. Crude 5b was used without further purification.

Yield: 2.52 g (3.19 mmol).

MS: m/z 519.3=[M+H]⁺ (MW calculated=518.8 g/mol).

Synthesis of Linker Reagent Intermediate 5c:

5b (780 mg, 0.98 mmol, ˜65% purity) and NaCNBH₃ (128 mg, 1.97 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous methanol (13 mL). A solution of 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (195 mg, 1.17 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at RT. The solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure, and the crude product was dissolved in DCM and washed with saturated NaCO₃ solution. The aqueous phase was extracted three times with DCM, and the combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. 5c was purified by flash chromatography using DCM and MeOH as eluents.

Yield: 343 mg (0.512 mmol).

MS: m/z 669.37=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=669.95).

Synthesis of Linker Reagent 5d:

Fmoc-Aib-loaded TCP resin (980 mg, ˜0.9 mmol) was deprotected with DMF/piperidine, washed with DMF (5 times) and DCM (6 times) and dried in vacuo. The resin was treated with a solution of p-nitrophenyl chloroformate (364 mg, 1.81 mmol) and collidine (398 μL, 3.0 mmol) in anhydrous THF (6 mL) and shaken for 30 min. The reagent solution was removed by filtration and the resin was washed with THF (5 times) before a solution of amine 5c (490 mg, 0.7 mmol) and DIEA (1.23 mL, 7.1 mmol) in anhydrous THF (6 mL) was added. After shaking for 18 h at RT, the reagent solution was removed by filtration and the resin was washed with DCM (5 times). The linker reagent was cleaved from the resin and purified by RP-HPLC. Product fractions were brought to pH 6 by addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting slurry was partitioned between saturated aqueous NaCl and DCM, and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM. The combined organic fractions were concentrated to dryness to afford linker reagent 5d.

Yield: 230 mg, (0.29 mmol).

MS m/z 798.41=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=798.1).

Example 6 Synthesis of Linker Reagent 6c

Linker reagent 6c was synthesized according to the following scheme:

Synthesis of Amine 6a:

Triphenylmethanethiol (11.90 g, 43.08 mmol) was suspended in DMSO (40 mL). DBU (7.41 mL, 49.55 mmol) and 6-bromohexylphthalimide (13.32 g, 42.94 mmol) were added, and the mixture was allowed to react for approximately 15 min. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (700 mL) and 0.1 M HCl (200 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL), and the combined organic fractions were washed with NaHCO₃ sat. (80 mL) and brine (80 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude yellow oil was recrystallized from n-heptane/ethyl acetate. The intermediate 6-(S-Trityl-)mercaptohexylphthalimide was obtained as a white solid (13.3 g, 26.4 mmol, 62%).

6-(S-Trityl-)mercaptohexylphthalimide (14.27 g, 28.2 mmol) was suspended in ethanol (250 mL). Hydrazine hydrate (3.45 mL, 70.5 mmol) was added, and the mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. Chloroform (180 mL) was added to the residual oil and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was extracted with water (60 mL) and brine (60 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to yield crude 6-(tritylmercapto)-hexylamine (10.10 g, 26.87 mmol, 95%).

MS: m/z 376.22=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=376.20).

DIEA (1.41 mL, 8.11 mmol) and n-butyl chloroformate (908 μL, 7.14 mmol, in 1 mL THF) were added to a cooled (0° C.) solution of 6-(tritylmercapto)-hexylamine (2.44 g, 6.49 mmol) in THF (50 mL). LiAlH₄ (1 M in THF, 9.74 mL, 9.47 mmol) was added after 30 min, and the mixture was heated to reflux for 90 min.

Addition of water, 3.75 M aq. NaOH and water led to the formation of a precipitate which was removed from the mixture by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to obtain 6a.

Yield: 2.41 g (6.20 mmol).

MS: m/z 390.22=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=390.22).

Synthesis of Linker Reagent Intermediate 6b:

To a solution of 6a (2.1 g, 5.31 mmol) was added 2-bromoethylphthalimide (1.96 g, 7.7 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (1.09 g, 7.9 mmol) and the mixture was heated to reflux for 6 h. After filtration and concentration, the crude mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃. The crude intermediate (2-(N-methyl-N-(6-tritylmercaptohexyl-)amino-)ethyl)phthalimide was purified by flash chromatography.

Yield: 1.23 g (2.18 mmol).

MS: m/z: 563.27=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=563.27).

To a solution of (2-(N-methyl-N-(6-tritylmercaptohexyl-)amino-)ethyl)phthalimide (672 mg, 1.19 mmol) in ethanol (12 mL) was added hydrazine monohydrate (2084, 4.17 mmol), and the mixture was heated to reflux for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated and N-(2-aminoethyl-)-N-methyl-N-(6-tritylmercaptohexyl-)amine purified by RP-HPLC.

Yield: 624 mg (0.944 mmol).

MS: m/z 433.27=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=433.26).

To a solution of N-(2-aminoethyl-)-N-methyl-N-(6-tritylmercaptohexyl-)amine (151 mg, 0.229 mmol) and NaCNBH₃ (30 mg, 0.463 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (6 mL) was added a solution of 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (0.6 μL). After stirring for 1 h at RT, the reaction mixture was concentrated, redissolved in 2 mL water/acetonitrile 1/9 (v/v) and 6b purified by RP-HPLC.

Yield: 177 mg (0.219 mmol).

MS: m/z 583.33=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=583.33).

Synthesis of Linker Reagent 6c

Linker reagent 6c was prepared from Fmoc-Aib-loaded resin (704 mg, ˜0.6 mmol) as described for 5d, except for the use of amine 6b (as TFA salt, 430 mg, 0.53 mmol) instead of 5c.

Yield: 285 mg, (0.330 mmol).

MS: m/z 712.37=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=712.37).

Example 7 Synthesis of Linker Reagent 7f

Linker reagent 7f was synthesized according to the following scheme:

To a cooled (0° C.) solution of N-Methyl-N-boc-ethylendiamine (0.5 mL, 2.79 mmol) and NaCNBH₃ (140 mg, 2.23 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) and acetic acid (0.5 mL) was added a solution of 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (0.547 mg, 2.79 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h, acidified with 2 M HCl (1 mL) and neutralized with saturated aqueous Na₂CO₃ (50 mL). Evaporation of all volatiles, DCM extraction of the resulting aqueous slurry and concentration of the organic fractions yielded N-Methyl-N-boc-N′-tmob-ethylendiamine (7a) as a crude oil which was purified by RP-HPLC.

Yield: 593 mg (1.52 mmol)

MS: m/z 377.35=[M+Na]⁺, (calculated=377.14).

N-Fmoc-N-Me-Asp(OtBu)-OH (225 mg, 0.529 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (3 mL) and 7a (300 mg, 0.847 mmol), HATU (201 mg, 0.529 mmol), and collidine (0.48 mL, 3.70 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h to yield 7b. For fmoc deprotection, piperidine (0.22 mL, 2.16 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 1 h. Acetic acid (1 mL) was added, and 7c was purified by RP-HLPC.

Yield: 285 mg (0.436 mmol as TFA salt)

MS: m/z 562.54=[M+Na]⁺, (calculated=562.67).

6-Tritylmercaptohexanoic acid (0.847 g, 2.17 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (7 mL). HATU (0.825 g, 2.17 mmol), and collidine (0.8 mL, 6.1 mmol) and 7c (0.78 g, 1.44 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 60 min at RT, acidified with AcOH (1 mL) and purified by RP-HPLC. Product fractions were neutralized with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and concentrated. The remaining aqueous phase was extracted with DCM and 7d was isolated upon evaporation of the solvent.

Yield: 1.4 g (94%)

MS: m/z 934.7=[M+Na]⁺, (calculated=934.5).

To a solution of 7d (1.40 mg, 1.53 mmol) in MeOH (12 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was added LiOH (250 mg, 10.4 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 14 h at 70° C. The mixture was acidified with AcOH (0.8 mL) and 7e was purified by RP-HPLC. Product fractions were neutralized with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and concentrated. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM and 7e was isolated upon evaporation of the solvent.

Yield: 780 mg (60%)

MS: m/z 878.8=[M+Na]⁺, (calculated=878.40).

To a solution of 7e (170 mg, 0.198 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (4 mL) were added DCC (123 mg, 0.59 mmol) and N-hydroxy-succinimide (114 mg, 0.99 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was acidified with 0.5 mL AcOH and 7f purified by RP-HPLC. Product fractions were neutralized with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ and concentrated. The remaining aqueous phase was extracted with DCM and if was isolated upon evaporation of the solvent.

Yield: 154 mg (0.161 mmol)

MS: m/z 953.4=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=953.43).

Alternatively, linker reagent 7f was synthesized according to the following procedure:

Alternative Reaction Scheme:

To a solution of N-Methyl-N-boc-ethylenediamine (2 g, 11.48 mmol) and NaCNBH₃ (819 mg, 12.63 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (2.08 mg, 10.61 mmol) portion wise. The mixture was stirred at RT for 90 min, acidified with 3 M HCl (4 mL) and stirred further 15 min. The reaction mixture was added to saturated NaHCO₃ solution (200 mL) and extracted 5× with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvents were evaporated in vacuo. The resulting N-Methyl-N-boc-N′-tmob-ethylenediamine (7a) was completely dried in high vacuum and used in the next reaction step without further purification.

Yield: 3.76 g (11.48 mmol, 89% purity, 7a: double Tmob protected product=8:1)

MS: m/z 355.22=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=354.21).

To a solution of 7a (2 g, 5.65 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (24 ml) COMU (4.84 g, 11.3 mmol), N-Fmoc-N-Me-Asp(OBn)-OH (2.08 g, 4.52 mmol) and collidine (2.65 mL, 20.34 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at RT, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) and washed 3× with 0.1 M H₂SO₄ (100 ml) and 3× with brine (100 ml). The aqueous phases were re extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtrated and the residue concentrated to a volume of 24 mL. 7g was purified using flash chromatography.

Yield: 5.31 g (148%, 6.66 mmol)

MS: m/z 796.38=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=795.37).

To a solution of 7g [5.31 g, max. 4.51 mmol ref. to N-Fmoc-N-Me-Asp(OBn)-OH] in THF (60 mL) DBU (1.8 mL, 3% v/v) was added. The solution was stirred for 12 min at RT, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (400 ml) and washed 3× with 0.1 M H₂SO₄ (150 ml) and 3× with brine (150 ml). The aqueous phases were re extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtrated. 7h was isolated upon evaporation of the solvent and used in the next reaction without further purification.

MS: m/z 574.31=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=573.30).

7h (5.31 g, 4.51 mmol, crude) was dissolved in acetonitrile (26 mL) and COMU (3.87 g, 9.04 mmol), 6-Tritylmercaptohexanoic acid (2.12 g, 5.42 mmol) and collidine (2.35 mL, 18.08 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 4 h at RT, diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (400 ml) and washed 3× with 0.1 M H₂SO₄ (100 ml) and 3× with brine (100 ml). The aqueous phases were re extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtrated and 7i was isolated upon evaporation of the solvent. Product 71 was purified using flash chromatography.

Yield: 2.63 g (62%, 94% purity)

MS: m/z 856.41=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=855.41).

To a solution of 7i (2.63 g, 2.78 mmol) in i-PrOH (33 mL) and H₂O (11 mL) was added LiOH (267 mg, 11.12 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 70 min at RT. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (200 ml) and washed 3× with 0.1 M H₂SO₄ (50 ml) and 3× with brine (50 ml). The aqueous phases were re-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtrated and 7e was isolated upon evaporation of the solvent. 7j was purified using flash chromatography.

Yield: 2.1 g (88%)

MS: m/z 878.4=[M+Na]⁺, (calculated=878.40).

To a solution of 7e (170 mg, 0.198 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (4 mL) were added DCC (123 mg, 0.59 mmol), and a catalytic amount of DMAP. After 5 min N-hydroxy-succinimide (114 mg, 0.99 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 1 h. The reaction mixture was filtered, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was taken up in 90% acetonitrile plus 0.1% TFA (3.4 ml). The crude mixture was purified by RP-HPLC. Product fractions were neutralized with 0.5 M pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and concentrated. The remaining aqueous phase was extracted with DCM and 7f was isolated upon evaporation of the solvent.

Yield: 154 mg (81%)

MS: m/z 953.4=[M+H]⁺, (calculated=953.43).

Example 8 Synthesis of N^(αA1)-Insulin-Linker Conjugates 8b and 8c

Synthesis of Protected Insulin Linker Conjugate 8a

Linker reagent 5d was dissolved in DCM (20 mg/mL) and activated with N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl polystyrene-resin (1.9 mmol/g, 10 eq.) for 1 h. The solution of the activated linker reagent was added to a solution of insulin (1.2 eq.) and DIEA (3.5 eq.) in DMSO (100 mg insulin/mL), and the mixture was shaken at RT for 45 min. The solution was acidified with acetic acid, the DCM was evaporated under reduced pressure, and N^(αA1)-conjugated protected insulin-linker conjugate 8a was purified by RP-HPLC.

Lyophilized 8a was treated with a mixture of 90/10/2/2 (v/v/v/v) HFIP/TFA/water/triethylsilane (2 mL/100 mg of 8a) for 45 min at RT. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, and all volatiles were removed under a stream of nitrogen. N^(αA1)-conjugated insulin-linker conjugate 8b was purified by RP-HPLC.

8b:

Yield: 139 mg (0.023 mmol) from 62 mg (0.078 mmol) linker 5d

MS: m/z 1524.45=[M+4H]⁴⁺ (calculated=1524.75).

N^(αA1)-conjugated insulin-linker conjugate 8c was synthesized as described for 8b except for the use of 6c (72 mg, 0.101 mmol) instead of 5d.

8c:

Yield: 237 mg (0.039 mmol)

MS: m/z 1528.23=[M+4H]⁴⁺ (calculated=1528.28).

Example 9 Synthesis of N^(αB1)-Insulin-Linker Conjugate 9

Double-protected N^(α)-boc-Gly^(A1)-N^(ε)-boc-Lys^(B29)-insulin was prepared as described previously (J. Markussen, J. Halstrøm, F. C. Wiberg, L. Schäffer, J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 18814-18818).

Linker reagent 5d (0.04 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (0.5 mL) and activated with N-cyclohexyl-carbodiimide-N′-methyl polystyrene resin (0.205 mmol) at RT for 2 h. The resulting solution of the activated linker reagent was added to a solution of bis-boc-protected insulin (24 mg, 0.004 mmol) and DIEA (5 μL, 0.0229 mmol) and shaken at RT for 1 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with 100 μL of acetic acid and protected insulin-linker conjugate was purified by RP-HPLC.

Yield: 5 mg (0.00075 mmol).

MS: m/z 1660.27=[M+4H]⁴⁺ (calculated=1660.43).

Lyophilized protected insulin-linker conjugate was treated with 1 mL 90/10/2/2 (v/v/v/v) HFIP/TFA/water/TES at RT for 45 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with 0.5 mL of water and all volatiles were removed under a stream of nitrogen. N^(αB1)-conjugated insulin-linker conjugate 9 was purified by RP-HPLC.

Yield: 4 mg (0.0007 mmol)

MS: m/z 1524.46=[M+4H]⁴⁺ (calculated=1524.75).

Example 10 Synthesis of N^(εB29)-Insulin Linker Conjugate 10

Insulin (644 mg, 0.111 mmol) was dissolved in 6.5 mL of DMSO. 3 mL of cooled (4° C.) 0.5 M sodium borate buffer (pH 8.5) and 7f (70 mg, 0.073 mmol) in 2.5 mL of DMSO were added and mixture was stirred for 5 min at RT. 400 μL AcOH were added and protected insulin conjugate was purified by RP HPLC.

Yield: 172 mg (0.025 mmol).

MS: m/z 1662.27=[M+4H]⁴⁺ (calculated=1662.48).

Removal of protecting groups was affected by treatment of lyophilized product fractions with 6 mL of 90/10/2/2 (v/v/v/v) HFIP/TFA/TES/water for 1 h at RT. N^(εB29)-conjugated insulin-linker conjugate 10 was purified by RP HPLC.

Yield: 143 mg (0.023 mmol).

MS: m/z 1531.46=[M+4H]⁴⁺ (calculated=1531.71).

Example 11 Preparation of Insulin-Linker-Hydrogel 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11da, 11db, and 11dc

Dry maleimide functionalized hydrogel 4 (82 mg, 10.3 μmol maleimido groups) was filled into a syringe equipped with a filter frit. A solution of insulin-linker-thiol 8b (27.8 mg, 4.6 mmol) in 1.0 mL acetonitrile/water/TFA 1/1/0.001 (v/v/v) was added and the suspension was incubated for 5 min at RT. Acetate buffer (0.4 mL, pH 4.8, 1.0 M) was added and the sample was incubated at RT for 1 h. Consumption of thiol was monitored by Ellman test. Hydrogel was washed 10 times with 1/0.43/0.001 (v/v/v) acetonitrile/water/TFA and 2 times with 1/1/0.2/0.25 (v/v/v/v) 1.0 M sarcosine pH 7.4/acetonitrile/0.5 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4/water. Finally, the hydrogel was suspended in the sarcosine solution and incubated for 2 h at RT.

Insulin-linker-hydrogel 11a was washed 10 times with acetonitrile/water/TFA 1/1/0.001 (v/v/v) and stored at 4° C.

Insulin content was determined by total hydrolysis of an aliquot of insulin-linker-hydrogel under reductive conditions at pH 12 and subsequent insulin A-chain and insulin B-chain quantification by RP-HPLC.

Insulin loading of 11a: 175 mg insulin/g insulin-linker-hydrogel

Insulin amount in a 11a suspension in 10 mM sodium acetate buffer pH 5, 135 mM sodium chloride: 12 mg insulin per 1 ml 11a suspension.

11b, 11c, and 11d were prepared as described above except for the use of 8c, 9, and 10, respectively, instead of 8b.

11da was prepared as described above except for the use of 10 and 4a instead of 8b and 4.

11db was prepared as follows: A suspension of maleimide functionalized hydrogel 4a in pH 2.5 HCl, 0.01% Tween-20 (5.0 mL, 119 μmol maleimido groups) was filled into a syringe equipped with a filter. A solution of insulin-linker-thiol 10 (166 mg, 24.4 μmol) in 8.0 mL HCl pH 2.5, 0.01% Tween-20 was added and the suspension was incubated for 5 min at RT. Sodium succinate buffer (3.9 mL, pH 4.0, 150 mM; 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20) was added to yield pH 3.6 and the sample was incubated at RT for 90 min. Consumption of thiol was monitored by Ellman test. Hydrogel was washed 10 times with sodium succinate buffer (pH 3.0, 50 mM; 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20) and 3 times with sodium succinate buffer (pH 3.0, 50 mM; 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20) containing 200 mM acetyl cysteine. Finally, the hydrogel was suspended in the acetyl cysteine containing buffer and incubated for 1 h at RT.

Insulin-linker-hydrogel 11db was washed 10 times with succinate buffer (pH 3.0, 50 mM; 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20) and 8 times with sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0, 10 mM; 130 mM NaCl, 0.01% Tween-20).

Insulin loading of 11db: 6.12 mg insulin per mL insulin-linker-hydrogel suspension

11dc was prepared as follows: A suspension of maleimide functionalized hydrogel 4a in pH 2.5 HCl, 0.01% Tween-20 (58.3 mL, 958 μmol maleimido groups) was added to a solid phase synthesis reactor. A solution of insulin-linker-thiol 10 (117 mL, 460 μmol) in 2.5 HCl, 0.01% Tween-20 was added to 4a. The suspension was incubated at RT for 5 min. Succinate buffer (4.8 mL, pH 4.0, 150 mM; 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20) was added to yield a pH of 3.6 and the suspension was incubated at RT for 90 min.

Consumption of thiol was monitored by Ellman test. Hydrogel was washed 10 times with succinate buffer (pH 3.0, 50 mM; 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20) and 2 times with succinate buffer (pH 3.0, 50 mM; 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20) containing 10 mM mercaptoethanol. Finally, the hydrogel was suspended in the mercaptoethanol containing buffer and incubated for 3 h at RT.

Insulin-linker-hydrogel 11dc was washed 10 times with succinate buffer (pH 3.0, 50 mM; 1 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20) and 6 times with succinate/Tris buffer (pH 5.0, 10 mM; 85 g/L trehalose, 0.01% Tween-20).

Insulin loading of 11dc: 18.7 mg insulin per mL insulin-linker-hydrogel suspension

Alternatively, maleimide derivatized hydrogel microparticles 4aa can be used instead of 4a.

Example 12 Release Kinetics In Vitro

Insulin-linker-hydrogel 11a, 11b, 11c and 11d, respectively, (insulin-linker-hydrogel containing ca. 1 mg insulin) were suspended in 2 ml 60 mM sodium phosphate, 3 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20, pH 7.4, and incubated at 37° C. Suspensions were centrifuged at time intervals and supernatant was analyzed by RP-HPLC at 215 nm and ESI-MS. UV-signals correlating to liberated insulin were integrated and plotted against incubation time.

Curve-fitting software was applied to estimate the corresponding halftime of release.

In vitro half-lives of 16 d, 10 d, 30 d, and 14 d were determined for 11a, 11b, 11c and 11d, respectively.

Alternatively, insulin-linker-hydrogel 11db was transferred to syringes equipped with filters, suspended in 6 ml 60 mM sodium phosphate, 3 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20, pH 7.4, and incubated at 37° C. At defined time points the supernatant was exchanged and liberated insulin was quantified by RP-HPLC at 215 nm. The amount of released insulin was plotted against incubation time. Curve-fitting software was applied and an in vitro halftime of 15 d was determined for 11db.

Alternatively, insulin-linker-hydrogel 11db was filled in a chromatography column and placed in a temperature controlled incubator (37° C.). Sodium phosphate (pH 7.4, 60 mM; 3 mM EDTA, 0.01% Tween-20) was pumped through the column with a constant flow of 0.25 mL/h (nominal) and collected outside the incubator. At defined time points the solution was analyzed by RP-HPLC at 215 nm. The amount of released insulin was plotted against incubation time. Curve-fitting software was applied and an in vitro halftime of 13 d was determined for 11db.

Example 13 Synthesis of a LysB29-Linker Conjugate of Insulin (12a) and a LysB28-Linker Conjugate of Insulin Lispro (12b) Synthesis of LysB29-Linker Conjugate of Insulin (12a)

1.2 g (0.206 mmol, 0.85 eq) of insulin were dissolved in DMSO at RT. After 30 min the solution was cooled to 0° C. while borate buffer (0.5 M, pH 8.5, 21.6 ml) was added over a period of 4.40 min. The temperature of the solution was kept between 25 and 28° C. A solution of 228 mg (0.239 mmol, 1 eq) 7f was dissolved in 40 ml DMSO was added time-invariant over a period of 3 min. The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min at RT. The reaction was quenched by addition of 70 ml of MeCN/H₂O (1:1, 0.1% TFA) and 400 μl AcOH. 12a was purified by RP HPLC (solvent A: H₂O with 0.1% TFA, solvent B: MeCN with 0.1% TFA, gradient: 30-80% B over 14 min, flow: 40 ml/min).

Regio-selectivity according to HPLC analysis (before RP HPLC purification): 0.70% 7f attached to GlyA1 of insulin and 76.2% 7f attached to LysB29 of insulin (see FIG. 1 a).

Yield: 862 mg (TFA-salt, 60%).

MS [M+H]_(1/4) ⁺=1662.25 g/mol ((MW+H)_(1/4) calculated=1662.35 g/mol).

Synthesis of LysB28-Linker Conjugate of Insulin Lispro (12b)

0.347 g (0.059 mmol, 0.85 eq) of insulin lispro were dissolved in 6 ml DMSO at RT. After 30 min the solution was cooled to 0° C. while borate buffer (0.5 M, pH 8.5, 5.64 ml) was added over a period of 1.40 min. The temperature of the solution was kept between 25 and 30° C. A solution of 67 mg (0.070 mmol, 1 eq) 7f dissolved in 8 ml DMSO was added time-invariant over a period of 2 min. The ice bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min at RT. The reaction was quenched by addition of 20 ml of MeCN/H₂O (1:1, 0.1% TFA) and 1 ml AcOH. 12b was purified by RP HPLC (solvent A: H₂O with 0.1% TFA, solvent B: MeCN with 0.1% TFA, gradient: 30-80% B over 14 min, flow: 40 ml/min).

Regio-selectivity according to HPLC analysis (before RP HPLC purification): 1.3% of the product was 7f attached to GlyA1 of insulin lispro, 76.7% of the product was 7f attached to LysB28 of insulin lispro (see FIG. 1 b).

Yield: 305 mg (TFA-salt, 72%).

MS [M+H]_(1/4) ⁺=1662.25 g/mol ((MW+H)_(1/4) calculated=1662.35 g/mol).

Example 14 Pharmacokinetics Study in Rat

The pharmacokinetics of 11a were determined by measuring the plasma insulin concentration after subcutaneous application of a single dose into rats.

One group consisting of 10 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) was used to study the plasma insulin levels over a period of 14 days. Each of the animals received a single subcutaneous injection of 500 μL 11a suspension in acetate buffer pH 5, containing 6 mg insulin (12 mg insulin/ml). Per animal and time point 200 μL of blood was withdrawn sublingually to obtain 100 μL Li-Heparin plasma. Samples were collected before application and after 4 h, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11 and 14 days post injection. Plasma samples were frozen within 15 min after blood withdrawal and stored at −80° C. until assayed.

Plasma insulin concentrations were measured using an ultrasensitive Insulin ELISA kit (Mercodia) by following the manufacturer's protocol. Plasma samples were diluted in ELISA buffer (1:5 and 1:10 with calibrator 0) prior to measurement. Insulin concentrations were calculated from a calibration curve which was generated by measuring insulin standards in duplicate and fitting the values using linear regression. The insulin concentration was defined as the mean from two independent dilution series corrected by the respective dilution factor and plotted against time. Averaged plasma insulin concentrations for each time point were obtained by calculating the mean of all animals used as shown in FIG. 2.

A bursless and sustained release of insulin over 14 days was observed.

Example 15 Pharmacokinetics Study in Rat

The pharmacokinetics of 11da were determined by measuring plasma insulin concentrations over a period of 13 days in healthy rats.

8 Wistar rats (appr. 250 g body weight) received a single subcutaneous injection of 500 μL of test item 11da in acetate buffer pH 5, containing 3 mg insulin (approx. 12 mg/kg). Per animal and time point 200 μL of blood was withdrawn from the tail vein to obtain about 100 μL Li-Heparin plasma. Samples were collected 1 day before and 4 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 6 d, 7 d, 8 d, 10 d and 13 d after test item administration. Plasma samples were frozen and stored at −80° C. until assayed. The insulin content of the plasma samples was measured using a human insulin ultrasensitive ELISA Kit (DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. Blanks (calibrator 0) were included in the calibration curve and were subtracted from the sample values and the calibration curve was fitted using a 3rd order polynomic equation. Before analysis plasma samples were vortexed and diluted in reaction tubes (1:5 and 1:10 with calibrator 0). For analysis OD at 450 nm was measured with a microtiter plate reader (Tecan Ultra) without reference wavelength correction. Results of plasma insulin content up to day 13 for all animals being investigated are shown in FIG. 3.

After a single subcutaneous injection of 500 μL 11d that contained 3 mg insulin the average plasma insulin level rose to a maximum of about 500 pM on day 1. As expected the plasma insulin concentration subsequently decreased continuously within 2 weeks. The peak to trough ratio of plasma insulin levels within the first week of the study was approximately 1.7

Example 16 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Study in Rats

The amount and the bioactivity of the released insulin was investigated by analyzing the plasma insulin concentration and the blood glucose lowering effect in an exploratory pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study using diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.

For this purpose diabetes was induced in 8 rats with streptozotocin (STZ) and all animals with blood glucose levels above 350 mg/dL on day 0 were included in this study. 7 out of 8 SD rats became diabetic and received a single subcutaneous injection of 500 μL test item 11da in acetate buffer pH 5, containing 6.4 mg insulin. Per animal and time point 200 μL of blood was withdrawn from the tail vein to obtain about 100 μL Li-Heparin plasma. Samples were collected 4 days before and 2 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 6 d, 7 d, 8 d, 10 d and 13 d after test item administration. Plasma samples were frozen and stored at −80° C. until assayed. Blood glucose was measured with an AccuChek Comfort device from the tail vein 3 times before injection and 2 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 6 d, 7 d, 8 d, 10 d, 13 d, 15 d, 17 d, 20 d, 22 d and 24 d after test item administration. The insulin content of the plasma samples was measured using a human insulin ELISA Kit (DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. Blanks (calibrator 0) were included in the calibration curve and were subtracted from the sample values and the calibration curve was fitted using a 3rd order polynomic equation. Before analysis plasma samples were vortexed and diluted in reaction tubes (1:5 and 1:10 with calibrator 0). For analysis OD at 450 nm was measured with a microtiter plate reader (Tecan Ultra) without reference wavelength correction. The plasma insulin level was monitored over 2 weeks and blood glucose level over a 3 week period as shown in FIG. 4.

After a single subcutaneous injection of insulin hydrogel 11da the blood glucose level was effectively lowered over a period of 10 days with values below 100 mg/dL without any symptoms for hypoglycemia. Due to the higher dosage of 6.4 mg insulin per animal, the maximal plasma insulin concentration was approx. 800 pM on day 1 and decreased continuously within 2 weeks to approx. 300 pM. Simultaneously the blood glucose values began to rise after 10 days and reached predose levels after 3 weeks.

Example 17 Pharmacokinetics Study Over 24 Hours (Burst Study) in Rats

In order to prove that insulin is released from insulin-linker-hydrogel without a burst the plasma insulin concentration was monitored over a period of 24 hours in healthy rats.

8 Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g body weight) were divided into 2 groups and received a single subcutaneous injection of 2 mL of test item 11db in acetate buffer pH 5 per kg body weight. The test item had a concentration of 4 mg/mL insulin so that each animal received 8 mg insulin per kg body weight. Per animal and time point 200 μL of blood was withdrawn from the tail vein to obtain about 100 μL Li-Heparin plasma. Group A samples were collected predose and 5 min, 30 min, 2 h, 4 h and 8 h after application of test item and for group B predose and 15 min, 1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h after test item administration. Plasma samples were frozen and stored at −80° C. until assayed. The insulin content of the plasma samples was measured using a human insulin ultrasensitive ELISA Kit (DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. Blanks (calibrator 0) were included in the calibration curve and were subtracted from the sample values and the calibration curve was fitted using a 3rd order polynomic equation. Before analysis plasma samples were vortexed and diluted in reaction tubes (1:5 and 1:10 with calibrator 0). For analysis OD at 450 nm was measured with a microtiter plate reader (Tecan Ultra) without reference wavelength correction. The result is shown in FIG. 5 and clearly indicates that insulin is released without any burst.

Example 18 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Multiple Dose Study in Rats

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after 3 weekly doses of 11da were determined by measuring plasma insulin concentrations and blood glucose levels over a period of 4 weeks in diabetic rats.

8 Sprague-Dawley rats were used with a mean body weight of 239 g. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) and all animals with blood glucose levels above 350 mg/dL on day 0 (test item injection day) were included in the study. 8 of 8 animals which received STZ treatment became diabetic and received 3 weekly subcutaneous injections on day 0, 7 and 14 of 2 mL test item 11da in acetate buffer pH 5 per kg body weight. With a test item insulin concentration of 4 mg/mL the applied dose was 8 mg insulin per kg body weight. Per animal and time point 200 μL of blood was withdrawn from the tail vein to obtain about 100 μL Li-Heparin plasma. Samples were collected 3 days before and up to 28 days after test item administration. Plasma samples were frozen and stored at −80° C. until assayed. Blood glucose was measured with an AccuChek Comfort device from the tail vein 3 times before injection and up to 30 days post injection. The insulin content of the plasma samples was measured using a human insulin ELISA Kit (DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. Blanks (calibrator 0) were included in the calibration curve and were subtracted from the sample values and the calibration curve was fitted using a 3rd order polynomic equation. Before analysis plasma samples were vortexed and diluted in reaction tubes (1:5 and 1:10 with calibrator 0). For analysis OD at 450 nm was measured with a microtiter plate reader (Tecan Ultra) without reference wavelength correction. The plasma insulin level and the blood glucose level were monitored over a 4 week period and are both shown in FIG. 6.

The shape of the curves indicate that the released insulin was bioactive by steadily lowering the blood glucose level to values about 100 mg/dL post 3rd injection which remained low for about a week. At the same time the maximal insulin concentration increased steadily starting from 200 pM after the first and 300 pM after the second dose to 400 pM following the third dose and subsequently decreased again within 2 weeks to values below 100 pM.

Example 19 Pharmacokinetics Study in Rat

The pharmacokinetics of 11dc were determined by measuring plasma insulin concentrations over a period of 13 days in healthy rats.

8 Wistar rats (appr. 230 g body weight) received a single subcutaneous injection of 2 ml/kg of test item 11dc in succinate buffer pH 5 (10 mM succinate/tris, 85 g/l trehalose, 0.01% Tween-20, pH 5.0), containing 3 mg insulin (12 mg/kg dose). Per animal and time point 200 μL of blood was withdrawn from the tail vein to obtain about 100 μL Li-Heparin plasma. Samples were collected 4 days before and 0.3 h (4 animals), 1 h (4 animals), 2 h (4 animals), 4 h (4 animals), 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 6 d, 8 d, 10 d and 13 d after test item administration. Plasma samples were frozen and stored at −80° C. until assayed. The insulin content of the plasma samples was measured using a human insulin ultrasensitive ELISA Kit (DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. Blanks (calibrator 0) were included in the calibration curve and were subtracted from the sample values and the calibration curve was fitted using a 3rd order polynomic equation. Before analysis plasma samples were vortexed and diluted in reaction tubes (1:5 and 1:10 with calibrator 0). For analysis OD at 450 nm was measured with a microtiter plate reader (Tecan Ultra) without reference wavelength correction. Results of plasma insulin content up to day 13 for all animals being investigated are shown in FIG. 7.

After a single subcutaneous injection of 12 mg/kg 11dc the average plasma insulin level rose to a maximum of about 500 pM on day 1. As expected the plasma insulin concentration subsequently decreased continuously within 2 weeks. The peak to trough ratio of plasma insulin within the first week was approximately 1.4.

Example 20 Real-Time Insulin Release and Hydrogel Degradation at pH 7.4

Insulin-linker hydrogel 11a (730 μL, containing 3.19 mg insulin) in pH 5.0 acetate buffer (10 mM, 130 mM NaCl, 0.01% (w/v) tween-20) was filled in a sample preparation tube, washed 3× with pH 7.4 release buffer (60 mM sodium phosphate, 3 mM EDTA, 0.01% (w/v) Tween-20) and filled-up to 1.00 mL. An Aliquot of the suspension (0.5 mL, 1.59 mg insulin) was filled in a chromatography column and placed in a temperature controlled incubator (37° C.). Release buffer (pH 7.4) was pumped through the column with a constant flow of 0.25 mL/h (nominal) and collected outside the incubator. At defined time points the solution was analyzed by RP-HPLC (215 nm). The amount of released insulin was plotted against incubation time and curve-fitting software was applied to estimate the corresponding halftime of release. A halftime of 9.4 d for the insulin release was determined.

After 39 d incubation at 37° C. the hydrogel suspension was transferred to a sample preparation tube, residual hydrogel was washed out of the column with pH 7.4 release buffer and the sample was filled-up to 1.00 mL. Two aliquots (300 μL each) were transferred to sterile sample preparation tubes, filled-up to 1.5 mL, and incubated at 37° C. Samples were taken at time intervals and analyzed by size exclusion chromatography. UV-signals corresponding to hydrogel released water-soluble degradation products comprising one or more backbone moieties (corresponding to reactive functional groups) were integrated and plotted against incubation time, see FIG. 8.

Example 21 Injectability of Insulin-Linker-Hydrogel Prodrug

5 mL insulin-linker-hydrogel prodrug 11dc (bead size distribution from 32-75 μm, 18 mg insulin/ml) in pH 5.0 succinic acid/tris (10 mM, 40 g/L mannitol; 10 g/L trehalose dihydrate; 0.05% TWEEN-20) was used. The insulin-linker-hydrogel prodrug suspension was filled into a 1 mL syringe (length 57 mm) via a 20 G needle. The 20 G needle was replaced by a 30 G needle and placed into the syringe mounting (Aqua Computer GmbH&Co. KG) and the measurement was started with a piston velocity of 172 mm/min (equals 50 μL/s) (Force test stand: Multitest 1-d, Data recording software: EvaluatEmperor Lite, Version 1.16-015, Forge Gauge: BFG 200 N (all Mecmesin Ltd., UK). Experiments with increasing piston velocities shown in the table below were carried out with a new insulin-linker-hydrogel prodrug sample. The experiments with water and ethylene glycol were carried out accordingly. For all of the experiments the same 30 G needle was used. Force versus flow using a 30 G needle is shown in FIG. 9.

Velocity of Flow/ Flow/ piston/ Force/N Force/N Force/N (sec/mL) (μL/sec) (mm/min) (water) 11dc (ethylene glycol) 6 167 573 13 36 83 8 125 430 10 29 62 10 100 344 7 24 51 15 67 229 4 22 35 20 50 172 3 17 27

Abbreviations:

-   AcOH acetic acid -   AcOEt ethyl acetate -   Aib 2-Aminoisobutyric acid -   Bn benzyl -   Boc t-butyloxycarbonyl -   COMU     (1-Cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidenaminooxy)dimethylamino-morpholino-carbenium     hexafluorophosphate -   DBU 1,3-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene -   DCC N,N,-dicyclohexylcarbodiimid -   DCM dichloromethane -   DIEA diisopropylethylamine -   DMAP dimethylamino-pyridine -   DMF N,N-dimethylformamide -   Dmob 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl -   DMSO dimethylsulfoxide -   EDC 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimid -   EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid -   eq stoichiometric equivalent -   ESI-MS electrospray ionization mass spectrometry -   EtOH ethanol -   Fmoc 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl -   HATU O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium     hexafluorophosphate -   HFIP hexafluoroisopropanol -   HPLC high performance liquid chromatography -   HOBt N-hydroxybenzotriazole -   iPrOH 2-propanol -   LCMS mass spectrometry-coupled liquid chromatography -   Mal 3-maleimido propyl -   Mal-PEG6-NHS     N-(3-maleimidopropyl)-21-amino-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaoxa-heneicosanoic     acid NHS ester -   Me methyl -   MeCN acetonitrile -   MeOH methanol -   Mmt 4-methoxytrityl -   MS mass spectrum/mass spectrometry -   MTBE methyl tert.-butyl ether -   MW molecular mass -   n.d. not determined -   NHS N-hydroxy succinimide -   OD optical density -   OBu butyloxy -   OtBu tert.-butyloxy -   PEG poly(ethylene glycol) -   Phth PyBOP     phthal-benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium     hexafluorophosphate -   RP-HPLC reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography -   rpm rounds per minute -   RT room temperature -   SEC size exclusion chromatography -   Su succinimidyl -   TCP 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin -   TES triethylsilane -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid -   THF tetrahydrofurane -   TMEDA N,N,N′N′-tetramethylethylene diamine -   Tmob 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzyl -   Trt triphenylmethyl, trityl -   HPLC ultra performance liquid chromatography -   UV ultraviolet -   VIS visual 

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an insulin compound in a concentration that is sufficient to maintain a therapeutically effective level of the insulin compound in blood plasma for at least 3 days characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile in vivo with substantially no burst of the insulin compound.
 2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the insulin compound is in a concentration of at least 10 mg/ml characterized by having a pharmacokinetic profile in vivo with substantially no burst of the insulin compound.
 3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the insulin compound is in a concentration of at least 11 mg/mL formulated to provide a single dose of at least 10 mg of the insulin compound.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the insulin compound is at least 11 mg/ml.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, said composition having a peak to trough ratio of less than
 2. 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, said composition having a continuous release of a structurally intact insulin compound over the full time period between administrations.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 wherein the full time period between administrations is at least about 80 hours.
 8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the insulin compound is a prodrug.
 9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the insulin compound is fully contained in a depot.
 10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein the insulin compound is covalently linked in the depot.
 11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 formulated for administration by injection.
 12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the insulin compound is selected from human insulin, insulin glargine, insulin detemir, insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin glulisine or a prodrug thereof.
 13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 wherein the peak concentration is reached within the first 24 hours of administration.
 14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 further comprising a GLP-1 compound.
 15. A method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder associated with insulin deficiency in which treatment or prevention with an insulin compound is beneficial in a patient in need thereof comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 1. 16. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is dry.
 17. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is dried by lyophilization.
 18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 16, wherein the insulin hydrogel prodrug is sufficiently dosed in the composition to provide a therapeutically effective amount of insulin for at least three days in one application.
 19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, formulated to provide a single dose.
 20. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, formulated to provide a multiple dose composition.
 21. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1, comprising one or more additional biologically active agents, either in its free form or as a prodrug, and wherein the one or more additional biologically active agents are selected from the group consisting of sulfonylureas; meglitinides; glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) and its mimetics, glucose-insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and its mimetics, exendin and its mimetics, and dipeptyl protease inhibitors (DPPIV); biguanides; thiazolidinediones; GW2570 retinoid-X receptor (RXR) modulators other insulin sensitizing agents insulins small molecule mimics of insulin Na-glucose co-transporter inhibitors amylin agonists glucagon antagonists anti-obesity agents sibutramine; norepinephrine and dopamine; growth hormone, IGF-1, growth hormone releasing factor; oxyntomodulin and ghrelin modulators; appetite-suppressants appetite-suppressant agents enhancers of energy expenditure leptin and leptin mimetics neuropeptide Y antagonists; melanocortin-1, 3 and 4 receptor modulators; cholecystokinin agonists; glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetics and analogues androgens testosterone; anabolic steroids and steroidal hormones; galanin receptor antagonists; cytokine agents; and amylase inhibitors.
 22. A container comprising the pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 1. 23. The container according to claim 22, wherein the container is a dual-chamber syringe.
 24. A suspension comprising the pharmaceutical composition according to claim
 1. 25. A method of preparing a suspension comprising the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, comprising the steps of reconstituting a dry pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 by adding reconstitution solution.
 26. A kit of parts comprising a pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 and a container for administration of the composition.
 27. A kit of parts, comprising a needle and a container containing reconstitution solution, and the dry composition according to claim 16 for use with the needle.
 28. The kit of parts according to claim 27, wherein the container is a dual-chamber syringe and wherein one of the two-chambers of the dual-chamber syringe contains the reconstitution solution.
 29. The kit of parts according to claim 26, where the composition is injectable through a needle.
 30. The kit of parts of claim 29, wherein the needle has an inner diameter of less than 300 μm.
 31. The kit of parts of claim 29, wherein the needle has an inner diameter of less than 225 μm.
 32. The kit of parts of claim 29, wherein the needle has an inner diameter of less than 175 μm.
 33. The composition of claim 1 wherein the concentration of the insulin compound is from 11 mg/ml to 35 mg/ml.
 34. The composition of claim 1, said composition having a peak to trough ratio of less than 11.75.
 35. The composition of claim 1, said composition having a peak to trough ratio of less than 1.5.
 36. The composition of claim 1, said composition having a peak to trough ratio of less than 1.25.
 37. The composition of claim 6, wherein the full time period between administrations is at least about 110 hours.
 38. The composition of claim 6, wherein the full time period between administrations is at least about a week.
 39. The composition of claim 9 wherein said depot is a polymer gel.
 40. The composition of claim 39 wherein said polymer gel is a hydrogel.
 41. The composition of claim 40 wherein said hydrogel is a well hydrated polymer matrix.
 42. The composition of claim 11 wherein said injection is subcutaneous or intramuscular.
 43. The composition of claim 13 wherein the peak concentration is reached within the first 12 hours of administration.
 44. The composition of claim 13 wherein the peak concentration is reached within the first 6 hours of administration.
 45. The method of claim 15 wherein said disease or disorder associated with insulin deficiency is selected from the group hyperglycemia, pre-diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes type I, diabetes type II and syndrome X.
 46. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21 wherein said prodrug is a hydrogel prodrug.
 47. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21 wherein said sulfonylureas are selected from the group of chlorpropamide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide and glimepiride.
 48. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said meglitinides is repaglinide.
 49. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said biguanides is metformin.
 50. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said thiazolidinediones is selected from the group rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, troglitazone, isaglitazone (known as MCC-555), and 2-[2-[(2R)-4-hexyl-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-2-yl]ethoxy]-benzene acetic acid.
 51. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21 wherein said retinoid-X receptor is targretin or 9-cis-retinoic acid.
 52. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21 wherein said other insulin sensitizing agents are selected from the group INS-1, PTP-1B inhibitors, GSK3 inhibitors, glycogen phosphorylase a inhibitors and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors.
 53. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21 wherein said insulins are selected from the group regular or short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins, inhaled insulin and insulin analogues.
 54. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 53, wherein said insulin analogues are insulin molecules with minor differences in the natural amino acid sequence.
 55. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said small molecule mimics of insulin are selected from the group L-783281 and TE-17411.
 56. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said Na-glucose co-transporter inhibitors are selected from the group T-1095, T-1095A and phlorizen.
 57. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said amylin agonist is pramlintide.
 58. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said glucagon antagonist is AY-279955.
 59. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said anti-obesity agent is orlistat.
 60. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said appetite suppressants are selected from the group of benzphetamine, phenmetrazine, phentermine diethylpropion, mazindol, sibutramine, phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine.
 61. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said appetite suppressants are selected from quipazine, Fluoxetine, sertraline, fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine.
 62. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said appetite suppressant agent is apomorphine.
 63. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said appetite-suppressant agent is selected from histamine mimetics and H3 receptor modulators.
 64. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said enhancers of energy expenditure is selected from beta-3 adrenergic agonists and stimulators of uncoupling protein function.
 65. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said leptin mimetic is metreleptin.
 66. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said androgens are selected from dehydroepiandrosterone and derivatives including etiocholandione.
 67. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said anabolic steroid is oxandrolone.
 68. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 21, wherein said cytokine agent is ciliary neurotrophic factor. 